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V 



THE 

COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY: 

IN WHICH 

THE NATURAL FEATURES OF THE EARTH, 

AND 

SUCH PERMANENT DIVISIONS 

AS HAVE BEEN MADE BY MAN, 

ABE 

DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED; 

AND 

FROM WHICH ALL THAT IS LIKELY TO CHANGE 

BEFORE THE 

CHILD BECOMES A MAJ^ 

IS CAREFULLY EXCLUDED/f " 




By WM. B. FOWLE 

LATE TEACHER OP THE FEMALE MONITORIAL SCHOOL IN BOSTON, AND AUTHOR 

OF THE COMMON SCHOOL SPELLER, COMMON SCHOOL GRAMMAR, 

AND MANY OTHER SCHOOL BOOKS. 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY WM. B. FOWLE & N. CAPEN, 

1S4 Washington Street. 

1843. 



>. , ■■» 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1843, 

By William B. Fowle, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



STEREOTYPED BY 

GEORGE A. CURTIS, 

NEW ENGLAND TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. 



f w 



r 



PREFACE. 



Lest the diminutive size of this Geography, 
compared with many others, should induce any 
one to think that it contains less than it ought, it 
is necessary to say a few words in explanation. 

In teaching any science, it is important to sepa- 
rate it as far as possible from every other science : 
but, inattention to this natural rule has so in- 
creased the size of our school geographies, that 
they have almost ceased to be useful. Thus the 
author of one popular text-book says, "Most 
authors have extended the subject beyond its 
proper limits;" and he complains of "the intro- 
duction of extraneous matter into geographies, " 
and yet he devotes about one third of his book to 
astronomy, meteorology, mineralogy, geology, and 
the statistics of religion, commerce, population, 
&c. <fec. Another popular author tells us that his 
geography was first published in 1819. After two 
editions it was stereotyped or permanently fixed. 
Soon it was necessary to rewrite it entirely. After 
two editions, it was stereotyped or fixed again, 
and so, he adds, "it may be expected to remain, 
till a considerable change shall become desirable" 



IV PREFACE. 



Finally, the most popular school geography sol- 
emnly promises not to change oftener than once 
in jive years ! 

Now all these changes are rendered necessary 
by the intrusion of matter that is every day fluc- 
tuating, and which, of course, it is useless for 
a child to learn. If the average time spent at 
school be seven years, it is to be feared that the 
greater part of such books will be untrue before 
the child leaves school, and, of course, all the time 
spent in the study is wasted, — nay, worse than 
wasted, for it is perverted. It is bad enough to 
oblige the child to commit what is true to memory, 
but it is cruel to oblige him to commit what is 
false, or certain soon to become so ; and of this 
description is a very large proportion of what con- 
stitutes every school geography with which the 
author is acquainted. 

This geography is a small book, because it con- 
tains little or nothing that is perishable. Enough 
that is permanent may be found to engage the at- 
tention of the most intelligent child during the 
portion of school days allotted to geography ; and, 
with this basis, he is prepared to read and relish 
books of voyages, travels, history, biography, &c. 
&c. The great natural features of the globe, its 
continents, islands, peninsulas, mountains, oceans, 
seas, lakes, rivers, &c, are all worthy of being 
learned. The boundaries of the nations, too, 
though often artificial, are sufficiently permanent 
to be learned, and so is the location of cities and 
towns. 



PREFACE. V 

A knowledge of that part of geography, which 
is truly fixed, must be learned by some other pro- 
cess than committing to memory ; as it is called, 
which is generally equivalent to committing to 
oblivion; for it is idle to pretend that the hun- 
dredth part of what is required to be committed to 
memory in geographies, is ever retained beyond 
the time required to learn the next lesson; and, 
if retained, it would be of little or no use. The 
permanent part of geography must be impressed 
upon the mind by the constant examination of 
maps, and by the frequent delineation of them on 
black-boards, slates, or paper, until the form and 
features of every country are familiar to the eye. 
If any one doubts the superior utility of this exer- 
cise in impressing upon the mind the main facts in 
geography, let him read a description of a country 
a hundred times, or even commit it to memory, 
and let another person draw an outline of the 
country half a dozen times, and see which will 
have the most correct idea of it, and which im- 
pression will last the longest. 

This is the proper province of geography. When 
the pupil is prepared to study history, all he has 
learned will be of service to him, and the judicious 
teacher will see that the study of history is made 
to be a continuation of geography also. The study 
of geology, of every branch of natural history, of 
some branches of natural philosophy and astrono- 
my, and even of political economy, will require a 
revision of geography, or further progress in it; 
but all these things should succeed in order, and 
1* 



VI PREFACE. 

not be crowded, as is generally the case, into the 
first lessons of a very different science. 

It will be seen that every question is asked 
twice, besides the General Review, which embraces 
every name in the book. The first question is so 
asked as to enable the pupil to find the answer by 
the aid of a map ; and the second so as to test his 
actual knowledge and not his memory only. More 
names might easily have been inserted, but the 
author's long experience assures him that this 
book must be gone over many times before even 
these will be familiar to the child. A great fault 
of the most popular school geographies is, that an 
ordinary child can only learn them, in the usual 
way of committing them to memory, once in his 
life, and yet every one knows that geography, as 
well as other branches of knowledge, is only per- 
manently acquired by frequent repetition. 

But, besides the better quality of the matter in 
this book, it is a mistake to suppose that it does 
not really contain as much as any other school 
geography, for, the plan has no limits, and if faith- 
fully carried out by the teacher, according to the 
directions occasionally given, the author pledges 
himself that the child will never need any other. 
Should any revision be needed, it will be so trifling 
that the present edition is in no danger of being 
rendered worthless by the publication of another. 



THE 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



No. 1, 




The Earth, or World. 

It is a common remark that children are apt to know 
the geography of distant countries better than that of 
their own vicinity, and consequently it has been pro- 
posed first to teach children the geography of the town 
they live in, then that of the vicinity, the state, the coun- 
try, the continent, and the world. 

This theory is right in the main, but, after acting 
upon it for many years, the author came to the conclu- 
sion that it is better first to give the pupil a few gen- 
eral ideas of the earth, and these are contained in the 
following Introduction. 



8 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

1. .&. What is the shape of the Earth 1 
A. Round like a ball. 

Note. Very small pupils will be amused and in- 
structed by the teacher's showing them a Globe, and 
pointing out the spot on which they live. 

Tell the children that they live on the outside of the 
earth, and walk on it as a fly walks round an apple. If 
they ask, Why they do not fall off? show them a mag- 
net, and tell them that the Earth draws them to it. and 
holds them, as the magnet does a needle. 

2. Q. What is meant by the Circumference of 
the Earth 1 {Show this by Fig. 1 and 2.) 

A. The greatest distance round its outside. 

Note. It is important to observe that, on the globe, 
some circles are not as large as others, — the tropics, par- 
allels of latitude, and polar circles, for instance. These 
circles, therefore, do not give the circumference of the 
globe as the equator and meridians do. 

3. Q. How many miles is the earth in circumfe- 
rence 7 

A. Nearly twenty-five thousand. 

4. Q,. What is meant by the Diameter of the 
earth 1 

A. The distance from one side to the other, 
through the earth 's centre. {Show this in Fig. 2.) 

No. 2. 



Me* 1p ^^ T^sLZ^j^ JSm^ l^^^^^Bt° Vole 




A Hemisphere. 



INTRODUCTION. 9 

Note. A line drawn from one side to the other, not 
through the centre, would not be the diameter. 

5. Q,. How many miles is the earth in diam- 
eter ? 

A. About eight thousand. 

Note. Let the teacher put a wire or stick through a 
ball or apple, and, holding the two ends, turn the apple 
round. Then say, the earth turns in one and the same 
direction as invariably as if it turned on a wire, and, of 
course, there must be two points upon its surface, which 
appear to stand still as the wire does, for the globe * 
turn upon. 

These two points or spots on the earth are called the 
Poles of the earth. A line drawn from one pole to the 
other is called the Axis. {Explain this by a globe, or by 
figure 2.) 

6. Q,. What are the Poles of the earth? 

A. The two opposite points on which it turns. 

7. Q. What is the Axis of the earth ? 

A. An imaginary line drawn from one pole to 
the other. 

No. 3. 




10 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Note. Draw a circle, or let the pupil draw one. 
Then dot two opposite points for the poles. Draw a 
line from dot to dot for the Axis. Cross the Axis in the 
middle for an Equator. Put N or North over one pole, 
S or South at the other pole, E or East at the right hand 
of the Equator, and W or West at the left hand. 

Tell the child that these are fhe four cardinal or chief 
points of the compass. Then say, A line drawn from 
the centre to the circumference, half way between N 
and E marks the Northeast point. A similar line drawn 
between S and E marks the Southeast ; between N and 
W, Northwest ; between S and W, Southwest. Let the 
child draw such lines on the slate. 

The teacher should mark the four cardinal points, at 
least, on the floor or ceiling of the school-room, and in 
all future lessons require the pupil to point out the direc- 
tion of every place from the spot where he stands. Tell 
him that the sun rises nearly in the East, and sets in 
the West, and, wherever he is, he may find the other 
points by knowing these. 

8. Q. When we face the East, which way is 
North? South? West? 

9. Q. When we face North, which way is East ? 
South? West? 

10. Q. When we face South, which way is 
North? East? West? 

11. Q,. When we face West, which way is 
East? South? North? 

12. Q. What is the Equator? 

A. A line drawn round the earth at an equal 
distance from the two poles. 

Note. Show the Equator in . Figure 4, or on the 
globe, and say that, when we measure from the equator 
towards either pole, we call it Latitude. Show the 
lines that are drawn round the globe between the equa- 
tor and the poles, and say they are drawn so, to help us 
measure the Latitude, and are called Parallels of Lati- 
tude, because they are parallel to the equator, Parallel 
lines being lines that run in the same direction, always 



INTRODUCTION. 



11 



keeping at the same distance from each other. Places 
north of the equator are in North Latitude, and places 
south of the equator are in South Latitude. 

No. 4. 




The Equator and Parallels. 

13. Q. How is Latitude measured on the earth? 
A. North or south of the equator. 

14. Q. Where are Parallels of Latitude drawn 
on the globe or on maps ? 

A. Round the earth, on each side of the equator. 

Note. Show the globe, and point out the lines that 
run from pole to pole, and say these are drawn to ena- 
ble us to measure eastwardly or westwardly. Distance 
east or west is called Longitude, and the lines drawn 
from pole to pole are called Meridians of Longitude. 

15. Q,. What is meant by Longitude ? 

A. Distance reckoned east or west on the earth. 

16. Q,. What are the lines that help us measure 
longitude called? 

A. Meridians. 

17. Q. How are they drawn on the map of the 
world ? 

A. From pole to pole, crossing the parallels of 
latitude. 



12 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

No. 5. 

Pole, 




lok, 

Meridians of Longitude. 

Now let the pupil draw a circle, an axis, an equator, 
and a few parallels and meridians. 

It may fix the meaning of the words in the mind of 
the pupil to tell him that Latitude comes from a Latin 
word, which means the side, for latitude is reckoned side- 
ways from the equator towards the poles. 

Longitude comes from a Latin word which means 
length, for longitude is reckoned lengthwise of the equa- 
tor. The ancients knew nothing of the north of Europe 
or south of Africa, and had no idea that there was such 
a country as America. Of course, that part of the earth 
known to them was longest from east to west. 

18. Q. What is a Hemisphere ? 

A. Half a globe or ball. {See Figure 2.) 

Note. The impossibility of representing a globe upon 
a flat surface or map, without cutting it in two, often 
leads beginners into error. 

Thus, on common maps of the world, they are apt to 
think there are two north and two south poles, because 
there is a north and south pole to each hemisphere. 
They are also apt to suppose that the eastern and west- 
ern edges of the map are as widely separated as they 
appear to be. 

To remove these difficulties, take an apple or other 
round substance, and, cutting it in two from pole to pole, 



INTRODUCTION. 

No. 6. 



13 




lay the halves upon the map, then put them together as 
before they were cut, and it will be seen that the two 
edges, which seem to be farthest apart, actually come to- 
gether, and there will be but two poles, one northern and 
one southern. 

No. 7. 




14 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Cut the apple then at the equator, and lay the two 
halves upon our second map of the world, to show how 
the countries on the equator match. 

If the earth be cut in halves from pole to pole, {Fig' 
ure No. 6,) the hemispheres are called Eastern and 
Western. If it be cut from east to west at the equator, 
(Figure No. 7,) the hemispheres are called Northern 
and Southern. 

It is desirable to have the maps of all countries on the 
same scale, that is, proportionate to their relative sizes. 
Thus, to give the child a correct idea of the size of coun- 
tries, instead of representing Europe and Asia on a map 
of the same size, the map of Asia should be four times 
as large as that of Europe. But as this cannot be done 
in a school atlas, it will be necessary to accustom him to 
compare countries on the map of the world, or on a 
globe, and explain to him why, on the other maps, their 
comparative size is not preserved. Thus, Europe on 
the map of the world is small, because all the world is 
crowded into the map. Europe, on the separate map, is 
larger, because the rest of the world is left out, and Eu- 
rope here covers as much paper as half the world did 
in the other map. The larger the map of a country is, 
the more particular we can be in marking the countries 
and towns on it. Italy, on the map of ^the world, is 
shaped like a boot, but has nothing marked on it. On 
the map of Europe it is still shaped like a boot, but has 
towns and mountains on it. The little Italy is, as it 
were, magnified. So Massachusetts, on the map of the 
world, has somewhat the form of a shoe, but it is so small, 
that no names. can be marked on it. On the map of the 
United States, it is large enough for the foot of a doll, 
and admits several names. On our third map the shoe 
is large enough to be worn, and to contain the name of 
every town. 

Children also are apt to suppose that because the top 
of a map is north, the northern countries are higher than 
those south of them. To correct this error, show them 
a globe, and, placing your finger upon Boston, bid them 
look at the north pole, which will appear to be down. 
Then elevate the north pole, and Boston will appear to be 



INTRODUCTION. 15 

down. Oblige them often to use the maps with the 
south side where the north usually is. Our map of the 
Northern and Southern Hemispheres is well calculated 
to correct the common error. 

Show them also, on the map of the world, that several 
large rivers in Asia and America run north and empty- 
in to the ocean round the north pole. Water runs down 
hill, and by watching the course of rivers on a map, they 
may easily determine which part of the country is high- 
est and which lowest. 

And then, to show them the nature of up and down, as 
applied to things off the earth, stick a pin in a globe or 
apple, and let the head represent the head of a man. 
When on the top of the ball, he calls over his head up, 
and when the earth has turned half round, and he is at 
the bottom, he still calls over his head up, although the 
point opposite to what he before called up. Off is a 
more correct term. (Refer also to figure 1.) 

19. Q. How must you cut the earth in two to 
make the Eastern and Western Hemispheres ? 

A. From Pole to Pole. 

20. Q. How must it be cut to represent the 
Northern and Southern Hemispheres 7 

A. At the Equator, just half way from each pole. 

21. Q. What part of a map is generally the 
northern part ? 

22. Q. Is the northern part really higher than 
the southern? 

23. Q. What proportion of the earth's surface 
appears to be water ? 

A. There is about twice as much water as 
land. 



16 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. 

Note. In the following lesson, the teacher must first 
explain the imaginary map, (No. 8,) which exhibits the 
principal divisions, and this the children may copy on 
their slates or on paper. Their drawings may be coarse, 
but the impression upon the mind will be none the less 
permanent. 

No. 8. 




It will be useful, also, after each of the following ques- 
tions is asked, to require the child, or the class, to point 
out the ocean, (or whatever it may be,) on the different 
maps of his Atlas, not to learn the particular name of 
the ocean, sea, &c, but to learn the distinction between 
land and water, and the divisions of each. 

Divisions of Water. 

1. Q,. What is an Ocean? 

A. The largest division of water. 

2. Q. What is a Sea? 

A. A large body of salt water nearly surrounded 
by land. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

3. Q. What is a Strait? 

A. The narrow passage connecting large bodies 
of water. 

4. Q. What is a Lake? 

A. A body of fresh water surrounded by land. 

Note. Small Lakes are called Ponds. 

5. Q. What is a Gulf or Bay? 

A. Water projecting or running up into the 
land. 

Note. Small Bays are called Creeks, Havens, Har- 
bours, Roads, &c. 

6. Q. What is a River? 

A. A stream of fresh water running from the 
land into some large body of water. 

Note. Small Rivers are called Brooks, Rivulets, 
Rills, &c. 

Divisions of Land. 

7. Q. What is a Continent ? 

A. The largest division of land. 

8. Q. What is a Peninsula? 

A. Land nearly surrounded by water. 

9. Q. What is an Isthmus ? 

A. The narrow strip of land which connects a 
peninsula with the main land. 

10. Q. What is an Island? 

A. Land -surrounded by water. 

11. Q. What is a Cape? 

A. A point of land projecting into the sea. 

12. Q. What is a Mountain? 
A. A very high hill. 

2* 



18 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 
No. 9. 




MAPS OF THE WORLD. 19 

Questions on the Maps of the Wo? Id. 

1. Which is the Northern Hemisphere? which 
the Southern? 

2. Which is the Eastern Hemisphere? which 
the Western ? 

Note. If the children are very young, they may be 
allowed to use the small map at the head of this lesson, 
but older pupils may resort at once to the atlas. The 
great aim of the teacher should be to oblige the children 
to examine the maps. Besides using the school maps, it 
is an excellent plan to have very large maps hung up in 
the school room, and frequently to review the lessons on 
them. They need not be merely outline maps, for the 
names cannot be read at any considerable distance. 

3. How many Continents are there ? 

A. Two, separated by the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans. 

4. What is the northern half of the Western 
Continent called ? 

5. What is the southern half of the Western 
Continent called ? 

6. What grand division of the Eastern Conti- 
nent extends into the Southern Hemisphere ? 

7. What grand division lies north of Africa ? 

8. What grand division lies east of Europe and 
northeast of Africa ? 

9. What grand division, consisting of islands, 
lies east and southeast of Asia, in the Southern 
Hemisphere ? 

A. Australasia and Polynesia. 

10. Which grand division of Land appears to 
be the largest? 

11. Which is the next in size? 

12. Which is the smallest? 

13. Which way do Europe and Asia lie from 
your home ? 

14. Which way does South America lie from it? 



20 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

15. Which way do Africa and Australasia lie 
from it ? 

16. What large body of water separates Asia 
from America ? 

17. What large body of water separates Amer- 
ica from Europe and Africa ? 

18. What large body of water lies south of 
Asia, between Africa and Australasia 1 

19. What ocean surrounds the North Pole? 

20. What ocean surrounds the South Pole ? 

21. Between what oceans is Australasia? 

22. Between what oceans does America lie? 

23. Which Continent extends farthest south, the 
Eastern or Western ? 

24. Which Pole appears to have the most water 
around it? 

25. Does the Equator cross North or South 
America ? 

26. Is Europe north or south of the Equator ? 

27. Is Europe in north or south latitude ? 

28. Is the greater part of Africa in north or 
south latitude ? 

29. Does the Northern or Southern Hemisphere 
contain the most land ? Does the Eastern or West- 
ern? 

30. Is any part of the main land of Asia south 
of the Equator ? 

31. Which ocean appears to be the widest, the 
Atlantic or Pacific? 

Note. As soon as pupils begin to examine maps they 
should be required to draw them. This may be done 
on the slate, until they are tolerably well executed, and 
then on paper. No instruments should be used, the eye 
being easily trained, and admitting of more despatch. 

The pupils may first draw South America, then Af- 
rica, Australasia, North America, Europe, and Asia, from 
the small map, and continue to do this as long as the 
/lesson is on the map of the world. 



MAPS OF THE WORLD. 21 

And, for a general rule, the maps drawn should relate 
to the lesson in hand. The best way to proceed in draw- 
ing maps is to draw the boundary lines with a pencil, 
then the rivers and other waters ; then ink them. Next, 
make the little o to mark where the towns are situated, 
then print the names so as to bear upon the o . Last 
of all draw the mountains. Keep all distinct as possible. 
If the map is to be colored, let it be done before any 
name is printed. 



Reversed Questions on the Maps of the World. 

Note. The Reversed Questions present the inquiry 
in a different light, and are really a review of the pre- 
vious lessons on the same map. 

1. On which Continent are North and South 
America ? 

2. In what part of the Eastern Continent is Eu- 
rope? Asia? Australasia? Africa? 

3. In what direction from the United States are 
Europe and Asia ? Africa and Australasia ? South 
America ? 

4. Where is the Pacific Ocean ? The Atlantic ? 
The Indian? The Arctic? The Antarctic? 

5. How many oceans are there ? 

6. Does the Northern or Southern Hemisphere 
contain the most water? 

7. What grand divisions does the Equator 
cross ? 

8. Which three of these grand divisions lie en- 
tirely north of the Equator ? 

Note. After this very general idea of the form of the 
earth and its grand divisions, the teacher must show 
the pupil, on a globe, or map of the world, the spot 
wheie- he resides, Massachusetts, for instance. The 
pupil will see that this state is so small as to be hardlv 



22 - COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

seen on the map of the world. Let him then turn to the 
map of North America, where Massachusetts is just 
worthy of being outlined. Then show the map of the 
United States, and finally the map of Massachusetts 
must be exhibited to him, and he must be told that if the 
little spot called Massachusetts on the maps of the world 
and of N. America were magnified, it would resemble the 
separate and enlarged map of Massachusetts now placed 
before him. 

Should this work be used in other states than Massa- 
chusetts, the teacher can easily furnish a set of questions 
relating to his state, after the model of those here given 
for Massachusetts ; and the teacher here may furnish hun- 
dreds of others, questioning the children from the map. 
This course should be pursued in regard to every map, for 
books cannot be so particular. The author encourages 
his pupils to play search for places, one putting out a 
name for another to find. 



Map of Massachusetts. 

A small map is given for the convenience of the younger 
pupils, who find it difficult to use the atlas. Let them 
draw the whole map till they are familiar with the coun- 
ties. Then let them insert the rivers, capes, mountains, 
bays, and islands. 

1. What states are north of Massachusetts'? 

2. What states are south of Massachusetts % 

3. What ocean is east of Massachusetts 1 

4. What state lies west of Massachusetts 1 

Note. A town or township is a tract of land contain- 
ing one or more villages, and having its own officers, 
which are independent of any other town. 

Several townships united form what is called a coitnty f 
and several counties united form a state. In Massachu- 
setts there are about 308 townships, and these are di- 
vided into 14 counties. In the Southern states, a county 
is a mere township, though often very extensive. 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 

No. 10. 



23 




5. What is the most western county of Massa- 
chusetts called ? 

6. Which county joins Berkshire on the north- 
east? 

7. What county joins Berkshire on the south- 
east? 

8. What county lies between Franklin and 
Hampden ? 



24 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

9. What county lies east of Franklin, Hamp- 
shire, and Hampden? 

10. What county lies northeast of Worcester ? 

11. What county lies northeast of Middlesex? 

12. What county lies south of Middlesex? 

13. What small peninsula, forming a county, 
lies on the sea coast, east of Norfolk and Middle- 
sex? 

14. What county joins Norfolk on the south- 
west? 

15. What county is southeast of Norfolk, and 
east of Bristol ? 

16. What county joins Plymouth on the south- 
east, and forms a peninsula ? 

17. What two counties do the islands south of 
Barnstable county form ? 

Note. Vary the questions by asking, 

What county lies southwest of Essex ? West of Mid- 
dlesex? Northwest of Worcester? Southwest of Wor- 
cester? South of Franklin? West of Hampshire? 
West of Nantucket? North of Dukes and Nantucket? 
Northwest of Barnstable ? West of Plymouth ? North 
of Plymouth and Bristol ? West of Suffolk ? 

Capes. 

18. What cape is at the northern extremity of 
Barnstable county? 

19. What cape is at the southeastern extremity 
of Barnstable county ? 

20. What cape is at the eastern extremity of 
Essex county ? 

Mountains. 

21. What range of mountains crosses Berkshire 
county from north to south ? 

A. The Hoosack or Hoosick. 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 25 

22. What two high mountains are m the centre 
©f Hampshire county? 

23. What high mountain is in Princeton, Wor- 
cester county? 

Islands. 

24. What large island lies nearly south of Cape 
Malabar? 

25. What large island lies nearly west of Nan- 
tucket? 

26. What cluster of islands southwest of Barn- 
stable county, and northwest of Martha's Vine- 
yard? 

27. What is the largest of the Elizabeth Isles 
called? 

28. What island extends from the mouth of 
the Merrimack to the mouth of Ipswich river? 

Bays. 

29. What bay lies between Cape Cod and Cape 
Ann? 

30. What smaller bays are North of Barnstable 
county? 

31. What bay south of Plymouth and Bristol 
county ? 

32. What bay in Suffolk county between Point 
Shirley and Point Alderton? 

A. Boston, Bay or Harbor. 

33. What small bay west of Bristol county, xe- 
ceives Taunton river? 

34. What bay east of Plymouth county, forms 
its chief harbor? 

Rivers, 

35. What large river coming from the north 
crosses the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and 
Hampden, and then enters the state of Connecticut? 

36. What river comes from New Hampshire 
into Middlesex county, then takes a northeasterly 

3 



2G COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

course through Essex county, and falls into the 
Atlantic Ocean 1 

37. What river rises west of the Hoosack moun- 
tains, and runs south through Berkshire county 
into the state of Connecticut? 

38. What river rises in the north of Berkshire 
county, and runs north into Vermont? 

39. What river rises in Vermont, runs south- 
east through Franklin county, and falls into Con- 
necticut river on the western side? 

40. What river rises in the Hoosack mountains, 
runs through Hampden county, and falls into the 
Connecticut? 

41. What river rises in the north part of Wor- 
cester county, and runs through Franklin county 
into the Connecticut? 

42. What river rises near the centre of Worces- 
ter county, and runs almost a westerly course 
through Hampden county into the Connecticut? 

43. What two rivers rise in Franklin and Wor- 
cester county, run south, unite on the borders of 
Hampden county, and then fall into the Chicapee? 

44. What river rises with two branches in 
Worcester county, runs through the northwest of 
Middlesex county, and falls into the Merrimack 
on the edge of New Hampshire?. 

45. What river rises near the town of Worces- 
ter, in Worcester county, runs south into Rhode 
Island, and there taking the name of Pawtucket 
river, falls into Narraganset Bay? 

46. What river rises in the southern part of 
Worcester county, and runs south into Connecti- 
cut? 

A. Quinebaug, a branch of the Thames. 

47. What river rises in the south of Middle- 
sex county, runs north through the county, and 
falls into the Merrimack? 

48. What river rises by two branches in the 
southwest of Middlesex and Norfolk counties, 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27 

and running through part of Norfolk and Middle- 
sex counties, falls into Boston Bay? 

49. What river rises in Norfolk county, and 
rims northeast into Boston Bay south of the 
Charles'? 

50. What river rises in Plymouth county, runs 
southwest through Bristol county, and falls into 
Mount Hope Bay? 

51. What river rises on the eastern border of 
Middlesex county, and runs through Essex county 
into a small bay north of Cape Ann? 

Canals. 

Note. The teacher may remark that a Canal is a 
sort of artificial river, without current or tides. 

52. What canal extends from Boston harbor 
through Middlesex county to Merrimack river? 

53. What canal extends from the town of Wor- 
cester, in Worcester county, to the town of Provi- 
dence, in the state of Rhode Island? 

54. What canal extends from New Haven in 
Connecticut, through Hampden and Hampshire 
counties, to Northampton? 

Cities and Toions. 

While the pupil is learning the towns, he should draw 
a map of each county from the great map of Massachu- 
setts, inserting no towns but those here mentioned, at 
first. A specimen of Suffolk county is given, because 
it is very small on the map of the state, and that of 
Essex to show what is meant by an outline. 

Note. By a county town is meant the town where 
the county courts are held, the county records kept, &c. 
By a capital town is meant the seat of government of 
the state. County and capital towns are not always the 
most populous towns in the county or state. The larg- 
est town is that which contains the most inhabitants, and 
not that which covers the most ground. 



2& COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Directions. If the pupils are small, they should only 
]>e required at first to point at the town on the map, the 
teacher saying, Find Boston, the capital of the state, 
in Suffolk county. 

When the pupil is more advanced, the teacher should 
say, What city in Suffolk county is the capital of the 
state, and a county town? 

What city in Essex county y lies northeast of Boston? 
&c. &c* 

No. II. 




In Suffolk Comity. The city of Boston, the cap- 
ital of the state 3 and the county town. 

Note. This county can be seen also in the small 
map at the corner of the map of Massachusetts. 

The small town of Chelsea is the only other town in 
Suffolk county. 

In Essex County. The City of Salem, north- 
east of Boston. 

Lynn, between Boston and Salem. 

Newbury port, at the mouth of Merrimack River. 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
No. 12. 



29 



*br^r^\ 




Nakanl. 



Gloucester, near which is Cape Ann. 

Marblehead, on a point of land near Salem. 

Andover, on the Merrimack, where is a distin- 
guished Theological Seminary. 

Ipsivich, at the mouth of Ipswich River. 

In Middlesex County. Cambridge, at the mouth 
of Charles River, west of Boston, a county town, 
the seat of Harvard University, and joined to Bos- 
ton hy two bridges. 

Concord, on Concord River, a county town, in 
the centre of the county. 

Lowell, a great manufacturing city, where the 
Middlesex Canal joins Merrimack River. 

Charlestown, the second town in the county, 
north of Boston, and joined to it by three bridges. 

Neivton, on Charles River, the seat of a Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

In Norfolk County. Dedham, the county town, 
on both Charles and Neponset Rivers. 

Roxbury, the largest town, and joined to Boston 
by an Isthmus called the Neck. 
3* 



30 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Dorchester, the next in size, adjoining Roxbury, 

In Bristol County. Taunton, on Taunton River, 
the county and largest town. 

New Bedford, a seaport on an arm of Buzzard's 
Bay. 

Fall River, a manufacturing town on Mount 
Hope Bay. 

In Plymouth County. Plymouth, the county 
town, a seaport on Plymouth Bay. 

Middleboro\ the largest township in the state. 

In Barnstable County. Barnstable, the county 
and largest town, a seaport on Barnstable Bay. 

Sandwich, west of Barnstable, on the isthmus. 

In Nantucket County. Nantucket, the county 
town, and the only town in the county. 

In Dukes County. Edgartown, a small seaport 
in the southeast of Martha's Yineyard. 

Note. Tisbury and Chilmark are the only other 
towns in the county. Elizabeth Isles belong to Tisbury, 
and contain no towns. Holmes's Hole, in the northeast 
of Martha's Vineyard, is a convenient harbor. 

In Worcester County. Worcester, the county 
and largest town, near the centre of the county. 

Barre, on Ware River, northwest of Worcester. 

Brookjield, west of Worcester, on the Chieapee 
River. 

Princeton, north of Worcester, in which is Wa- 
chusett Mountain. 

In Franklin County. Greenfield, the county 
town, on the west bank of Connecticut River. 

Deerfield, south of Greenfield, on Deerfield 
River. 

In Hampshire County. Northampton, the county 
and largest town, on the west bank of the Connec- 
ticut. 

Amherst, east of Connecticut River, and the seat 
of a college. 

Ware, a manufacturing town on Ware River. 



MAP OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31 

In Hampden County. Springfield, the county 
and largest town, at the junction of the Chicapee 
and Connecticut. The United States have a man- 
ufactory of fire-arms here. 

West Springfield, opposite Springfield, on the 
west bank of the Connecticut. 

In Berkshire County. Lenox, the county town, 
in the centre of the county, on the Housatonic. 

Pittsfield, the largest town, north of Lenox, on 
the same river. 

Williamstown, in the northwest corner, on the 
Hoosack. Williams College is in this town. 



Reversed Questions on the Map of Massachusetts. 

1. Massachusetts is south of what states'? 

2. Massachusetts is north of what states ? 

3. Massachusetts is west of what ocean ? 

4. Massachusetts is east of what state ? 

5. What is meant by a town or township 7 

6. What is meant by a county'? what by a 
county-town ? what by a capital ? 

7. Where is Berkshire County ? Franklin ? 
Hampshire? Hampden? Worcester? Middlesex? 
Essex? Norfolk? Suffolk? Bristol? Plymouth? 
Barnstable? Nantucket? Dukes? 

Capes. 

8. Where is Cape Cod? Cape Malabar? Cape 
Ann? 

Mountains. 

9. Where are the Hoosack mountains ? 

10. Where are Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke? 

11. Where is Wachusett Mt. ? 



32 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Bays. 

12. Where is Massachusetts Bay? Barnstable 
and Cape Cod Bay? Buzzard's? Boston Bay? Mt. 
Hope Bay ? Plymouth Bay % 

Islands. 

13. Where is Nantucket Island ? Martha's Vine- 
yard ? Elizabeth Isles ? Nashaun ? Plum Island ? 

Rivers. 

14. Where is Connecticut River? the Merri- 
mack? the Housatonic ? Deerfield River? West- 
field? Chicapee? Swift River? Ware River? 
Nashua River ? the Hoosack ? Miller's ? 

15. Where is Blackstone River, and what name 
does it take in Rhode Island ? 

16. Where is Quinnebaug River ? Concord ? 
Charles ? Neponset ? 

17. Where is Taunton River ? Ipswich River ? 

Canals. 

18. Where is the Middlesex Canal ? 

19. Where is the Blackstone Canal ? 

20. Where is the Farmington Canal ? 

Cities and Towns. 

Note. If the pupils are young, the teacher should 
only require them to name the county in which the town 
is situated, and he may put the questions in the order 
of the book. But more advanced pupils should be re- 
quired to describe the situation of the town more partic- 
ularly, and the teacher should skip often in putting the 
questions. 

21. Where is Boston? 

22. Where is Salem? Lynn? Newburyport? 
Ipswich ? Gloucester ? Marblehead ? Andover ? 

23. Where is Cambridge ? Concord ? Charles- 
town? Lowell? Newton? 



MAP OF UNITED STATES. 



33 



24. Where is Dedham? Roxbury? Dorches- 
ter? 

25. Where is Taunton ? New Bedford ? Fall 
River ? 

26. Where is Plymouth ? Middleboro' ? 

27. Where is Barnstable? Sandwich? Nan- 
tucket ? Edgartown ? 

28. Where is Worcester ? Barre ? Brookfield ? 
Princeton ? 

29. Where is Greenfield ? Deerfield ? 

30. Where is Northampton ? Amherst ? Ware ? 

31. Where is Springfield ? West Springfield ? 

32. Where is Lenox? Pittsfield? Williams- 
town ? 

These questions may suffice until the pupil has ac- 
quired a general knowledge of other countries ; but if 
the teacher wishes to be more particular, he can turn to 
the Appendix, and teach the geography of Massachu- 
setts thoroughly before he enters upon the next map. 

Questions on the Map of the United States. 

While studying the Map of the U. States, the pupil 
should draw the separate states in the order given by his 
Teacher, inserting only such names as are mentioned 
in this book. The state of Pennsylvania is given as a 
specimen of what should be required. 

No. 




34 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

1. By what lakes and rivers are the United 
States bounded on the north ? 

2. What country bounds the U. S. at the north ? 

3. What ocean bounds the U. S. on the east ? 

4. What gulf bounds the U. S. at the south ? 

5. Which is the most northeastern state? 

6. What state lies west of Maine ? west of New 
Hampshire ? south of Vermont and New Hamp- 
shire ? 

7. What states lie south of Massachusetts ? 

8. What state lies west of Rhode Island ? 

9. What are the six states, Maine, New Hamp- 
shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and 
Connecticut, called? 

A. The New England States. 

10. What state lies west of the New England 
states ? 

11. What state is south of the southeastern part 
of New York ? 

12. What state is west of New Jersey ? 

13. What small state is southwest of New Jer- 
sey ? 

14. What state is west of Delaware ? south and 
west of Maryland ? northwest of Virginia ? west 
of Ohio ? west of Indiana 7 south of Ohio, Indiana, 
and Illinois ? south of Kentucky ? south of Vir- 
ginia ? south of North Carolina ? west of South 
Carolina ? west of Georgia ? west of Alabama ? 

15. What state north of Ohio and Indiana ? 

16. What territory between Lake Michigan and 
the Mississippi river? 

17. What state southwest of Illinois? south 
of Missouri? south of Arkansas and Missis- 
sippi ? 

18. What territory south of Alabama and 
Georgia ? 

19. What territory west of Wisconsin? 



UNITED STATES. 35 

20. What territory between Iowa and the 
Rocky Mountains westward ? 

21. What territory west of the states of Mis- 
souri and Arkansas, whither the Indian tribes have 
been removed from the states ? 

22. What territory between the Rocky Moun- 
tains and the Pacific Ocean 1 A. Oregon. 

Vary the Questions as follows : 

23. What state is east of Vermont? east of 
New Hampshire? east of Connecticut? north of 
Rhode Island and Connecticut ? north of Pennsyl- 
vania ? east of Maryland ? north of N. Carolina ? 

24. What states are south of Michigan? what 
state east of Missouri ? east of Alabama ? north of 
Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia? north of S. 
Carolina ? north of Florida ? southwest of Mis- 
sissippi ? 

25. What territory east of the Pacific Ocean ? 
east of Oregon T.? east of Missouri T.? east of 
Iowa T.? east of Wisconsin T.? south of Mis- 
souri T. ? northeast of the Gulf of Mexico ? 

Note. This may be particular enough for very 
young pupils, but those who are capable should be 
required now to take each state and territory, and name 
every state or territory that bounds it on every side. 
Then they should be required to name such bays, lakes, 
rivers, oceans, mountains, or other natural boundaries as 
exist always beginning at the North and going East, 
South, West. 



Capes. 

1. What three capes are east of Massachu- 
setts ? 

2. What cape south of New Jersey ? southeast 
of Delaware? south of Maryland? southeast of 
Virginia ? 



36 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

3. What three capes east of North Carolina? 
What cape south of Florida ? 

Mountains. 

4. What chain of mountains runs through the 
United States % 

5. What mountains in the north of New Hamp- 
shire ? 

6. What are the mountains in Vermont called ? 

7. What name do the Alleghanies take in Vir- 
ginia ? 

8. What name do the highest mountains in 
New York take ? 

9. What are the mountains of Tennessee 
called? 

10. What range of mountains in Missouri ? 

Islands. 

11. What large island, belonging to the state of 
New York, lies south of the state of Connecti- 
cut? 

12. What island lies west of Long Island, be- 
tween which and Long Island is the Narrows or 
entrance to New York harbor ? 

13. What island, at the entrance of Narragan- 
set Bay, gives its name to the state to which it 
belongs ? 

14. What island, belonging to Rhode Island, 
lies between Narraganset Bay and the east end of 
Long Island ? 

15. What are the two largest islands south of 
Barnstable County in Massachusetts? 

16. What island, belonging to New York, sep- 
arates the river Niagara, just above the great 
falls ? 

17. What island is opposite the mouth of St. 



UNITED STATES. 37 

Mary's River, which separates Georgia from 
Florida ? 

18. What small island, belonging to the U. S., 
lies south of Florida, opposite Havana, and is 
used as a naval station 1 

A. Key West, or Thompson's Island. 

Bays, 

19. What bay is east of Maine, between it and 
New Brunswick? 

20. What is the largest bay in the centre of 
Maine ? 

21. What is the chief bay east of Massachu- 
setts? 

22. What bay divides Rhode Island ? 

23. What bay between New Jersey and Dela- 
ware 1 

24 What bay is in Maryland and Virginia *l 

25. What sound south of Connecticut ? 

26. What two sounds in North Carolina ? 

Lakes. 

27. What is the largest lake north of the 
United States 1 

28. What lake is connected with Lake Supe- 
rior ? 

29. What lake is connected with Huron on the 
northwest, and is entirely in the United States ? 

30. What small lake is connected with Huron 
on the south 1 

31. What lake is connected with St. Clair on 
the south 1 

32. What lake is connected with Erie on the 
northeast ? 

33. What lake separates the north part of Ver- 
mont from New York 1 

34. What lake lies ' south of Champlain. en- 
tirely in New York ? 

4 



38 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

35. What two lakes in the southeast of the 
state of Louisiana ? 

Note. Lake Borgne is more properly a bay. 
Rivers. 

36. What river runs northeast from Lake On- 
tario into the Atlantic Ocean ? 

Note. The river St. Lawrence properly commences 
at Lake Superior, and connects all the great lakes in its 
course ; but, between lakes Superior and Huron, it is 
usually called St. Mary's river; between lakes Huron 
and Erie it is called the river St. Clair, or Detroit river ; 
and between lakes Erie and Ontario it is called Niagara 
river. On this latter river are the celebrated Falls of 
Niagara. 

37. What river separates the southeast part of 
Maine from New Brunswick % 

38. What river rises in the interior of Maine, 
and runs south into Penobscot Bay? 

39. What river, west of the Penobscot, rises in 
Maine and runs south into the Atlantic ? 

40. What river rises in the north of New Hamp- 
shire and runs southeasterly through Maine into 
the river Kennebeck ? 

41. What river rises in the White Hills of New 
Hampshire and runs southeast through Maine into 
the Atlantic? 

42. What river rises in New Hampshire and 
falls into the Atlantic between Maine and New 
Hampshire ? 

43. What river rises in the interior of New 
Hampshire, runs south into Massachusetts and 
then east into the Atlantic 7 

44. What river rises in the north of New Hamp- 
shire, separates New Hampshire from Vermont, 
passes south through Massachusetts and Connecti- 
cut, and empties into Long Island Sound? 

45. What river rises west of Lake Champlain, 



UNITED STATES. 39 

in the eastern part of N. York, and runs south into 
the Atlantic ? 

46. What river runs from .Lake Champlain 
into the river St. Lawrence ? 

47. What river rises in the interior of New 
York, runs east, and falls into the Hudson above 
Albany ? 

48. What river rises in the north- of Pennsylva- 
nia and runs through the western part of New York 
into Lake Ontario 1 

49. What river connects several of the lakes in 
the centre of New York, and falls into the eastern 
part of Lake Ontario ? A. Oswego. 

50. What river rises in New York, runs south, 
separating Pennsylvania from New Jersey, and 
empties into Delaware Bay ? 

51. What two rivers of Pennsylvania rise in 
the Alleghany mountains, and run southeast into 
the Delaware? 

52. What river rises in New York, runs south 
through Pennsylvania and Maryland, and empties 
into Chesapeake Bay? 

53. What is the largest western branch of the 
Susquehannah called? 

54. What two rivers meet in the western part 
of Pennsylvania at Pittsburg and form the Ohio ? 

55. What river separates Maryland from Vir- 
ginia, and falls into Chesapeake Bay? What is its 
largest southern branch ? 

56. What river in Virginia, next south of the 
Potomack, empties into Chesapeake Bay? 

57. What river in Virginia, south of the Rap- 
pahannock, empties into the same bay? 

58. What river rises in the Blue Mountains, 
crosses Virginia, and falls into Chesapeake Bay 
near its mouth ? 

59. What river rises in the Blue Mountains, 
runs southeast into 'North Carolina, and empties 
into Albemarle Sound ? 



40 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

60. What two rivers of North Carolina empty 
into Pamlico Sound ? 

61. What river rises in the interior of North 
Carolina, and runs south into the Atlantic, near 
Cape Fear? 

62. What two rivers rise in North Carolina, run 
southeasterly, unite in South Carolina, and fall 
into the Atlantic ? 

63. What river rises in the northwest of South 
Carolina, crosses the state in the centre, and falls 
into the Atlantic ? 

Note. The Santee is formed by the union of the 
Congaree with the Wateree or Catawba River. 

64. What river separates South Carolina from 
Georgia ? 

65. What is the largest river between the San- 
tee and the Savannah ? 

66. What is the largest river of Georgia that 
empties into the Atlantic ? 

Note. The Altamaha is formed by the union of the 
Oconee and Ocmulgee or Oakmulgee rivers. 

67. What considerable river is between the 
Altamaha and Savannah River ? 

68. What river of Georgia, formed by the union 
of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, runs south 
through Florida, and falls into the Gulf of Mex- 
ico? 

69. What two rivers of Alabama unite and 
empty into the Gulf of Mexico at Mobile ? 

70. What river rises in the territory west of 
Lake Superior, and empties into the Gulf of Mex- 
ico through Louisiana? 

71. What river rises near Lake Michigan, and 
running southwest through Illinois, fails into the 
Mississippi ? 

72. What river separates Ohio, Indiana, and 



UNITED STATES. 41 

Illinois from Kentucky, and falls into the Missis- 
sippi ? 

73. What four considerable rivers of Ohio state 
empty into Ohio River ? 

74. What is the largest river from the Blue 
Mountains in Virginia, that empties into the 
Ohio? 

75. What river rises in the northeast of Ten- 
nessee, runs into Alabama, and then north into 
the Ohio? 

76. What river rises in Kentucky, runs through 
part of Tennessee, and falls into the Ohio near the 
mouth of Tennessee River ? 

77. What river rises in the north of Indiana, 
and falls into the Ohio between Indiana and 
Illinois ? 

78. . What river rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
crosses the state of Missouri, and falls into the 
Mississippi ? 

79. What river rises in the Rocky Mountains, 
crosses Arkansas Territory, and falls into the 
Mississippi 1 

80. What river rises in Mexico, enters the north- 
west part of Louisiana, crosses the state, and falls 
into the Mississippi? 

81. What river rises in the mountains north- 
west of Arkansas Territory, runs east and then 
south into the Mississippi, north of the mouth of 
Arkansas River 7 

82. What river rises in Arkansas Territory, 
and runs south, through Louisiana, into Red 
River ? 

83. What river rises in the interior of Missis- 
sippi, and runs south into Lake Borgne ? 

Canals. 

Ask the following questions in this manner : What 
canal extends from Albany to Buffalo? >&c. What 
4* 



42 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

canals connect Delaware Bay with the Ohio River ? and 
so on. 

The Erie Canal extends from Albany to Buf- 
falo in New York, connecting Hudson River with 
Lake Erie. 

The Union and Pennsylvania Canals connect 
Delaware Bay with Ohio River. 

The Ohio Canal extends from the mouth of the 
Scioto on Ohio River, to Cleaveland on Lake 
Erie. 

The Miami Canal extends from Cincinnati 
on the Ohio, to the west end of Lake Erie. 

Champlain Canal extends from Troy on Hud- 
son River, to Whitehall on Lake Champlain. 

Morris Canal extends from Hudson River, 
near New York city, to Easton on Delaware 
River. 

The Delaioare and Chesapeake Canal connects 
Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. 

The Chesapeake a?id Ohio Canal extends from 
Georgetown on the Potomack, to Pittsburg on the 
Ohio. 

The Farmington Canal extends from New 
Haven on Long Island Sound, to Northampton on 
the Connecticut. 

The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake 
Bay with Albemarle Sound. 

The Illinois and Chicago Canal will connect 
Lake Michigan with Illinois River and the Missis- 
sippi. 

Many other important canals are partly finished, 
and most of those mentioned have important branches. 
These, with the Rail Roads, which are as numerous and 
extensive, afford facilities for travelling, and for the con- 
veyance of merchandise, unequalled in any part of 
the world. 



UNITED STATES. 43 

Cities and "Toivns. 

In Maine. Portland, a seaport, on Casco Bay, 
in the southwest. The largest town. 

Brunswick, the seat of Bowdoin College on the 
Androscoggin. 

Augusta, on the Kennebec, the seat of govern- 
ment. 

North Yarmouth, on Casco Bay, near Portland. 

York and Wells, southwest of Portland. 

Saco, on Saco River. 

Wiscasset, a seaport, northeast of Portland, on 
Sheepscot River. 

Bangor, on the Penobscot. 

Belfast and Castine, on Penobscot Bay. 

Machias, on Machias Bay, in the southeast. 

Eastport, on Passamaquoddy Bay. 

In New Hampshire. Portsmouth, the largest 
town, at the mouth of Piscataqua River. 

Concord, the. seat of government, on the Merri- 
mack. 

Exeter, on a branch of the Piscataqua, and 
southwest of Portsmouth. 

Dover, on Piscataqua River, northwest of Ports- 
mouth. 

Hanover, on the Connecticut, the seat of Dart- 
mouth College. 

In Vermont. Montpelier, the seat of government, 
in the north, on Onion River. 

Windsor, on Connecticut River. 

Burlington, on Lake Champlain. 

Bennington, in the southwest corner, on the 
Hoosack. 

In Massachusetts. These towns have been 
already described. 

In Rhode Island. Providence, at the head of 
Narraganset Bay, largest town, and, alternately 



44 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

with Newport, the seat of government. Here is 
Brown University. 

Newport, on the island of Rhode Island, in Nar- 
raganset Bay. 

Bristol, a seaport, on Narraganset Bay, south 
of Providence. 

In Connecticut. Hartford, on the Connecticut, a 
city, and, alternately with New Haven, the seat of 
government. 

New Haven, the largest city, on a bay, between 
the mouths of the Connecticut and Housatonick. 
Yale College is here. 

New London, a city, at the mouth of the Thames. 

Norwich, a city, on the Thames, north of New 
London. 

Middletown, a city, on the Connecticut, south of 
Hartford. 

Litchfield, west of Hartford. 

In New York. The City of New York, the larg- 
est in the United States, on Manhattan Island, at 
the mouth of Hudson's River. 

Albany, the seat of government, a city on the 
west bank of Hudson's River. 

Troy, a city, on the east bank of the Hudson, 
north of Albany. 

Hudson, a city, on the east bank of the Hudson, 
south of Troy. 

Schenectady, a city, the seat of Union College, 
on the Mohawk River, northwest of Albany. 

Utica, on the Mohawk, west of Albany. 

Brooklyn, on Long Island, opposite New York 
city. 

Neivburgh, on the west bank of the Hudson, 
north of New York. 

Poughkeepsie, on the east bank of the Hudson, 
south of Hudson city. 

Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain, in the north. 



• UNITED STATES. 45 

Buffalo, ill the west, on Lake Erie, near the en- 
trance of Niagara River. 

Rochester, near the mouth of the River Genes- 
see. 

Canandaigua, on a lake of the same name, south- 
east of Rochester. 

In New Jersey. Trenton, the seat of govern- 
ment, on Delaware River. 

Newark, on the Passaic, west of the city of New 
York. 

New Brunswick, on Raritan River. 

Princeton, seat of a College, northeast of Tren- 
ton, in the interior. 

In Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, the largest city, 
on the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. 

Harrisburg, the seat of government, on the Sus- 
quehannah. 

Lancaster, a city, west of Philadelphia, on a 
branch of the Susquehannah. 

Pittsburg, a city, in the west, where the Alle- 
ghany and Monongahela unite. 

In Delaware. Dover, the seat of government, in 
the centre of the state. 

Nero Castle, on the River Delaware. 

Wilmington, nearly north of New Castle, at the 
junction of Christiana and Brandy wine Creeks. 

In Maryland. Baltimore, the largest city, on 
Patapsco River, near the head of Chesapeake Bay. 

Annapolis City, the seat of government, south of 
Baltimore, on Chesapeake Bay. 

Note. The District of Columbia is a tract of land, ten 
miles square, which was given to the United States by 
the States of Virginia and Maryland. It now forms no 
part of any State, but is under the immediate govern- 
ment of the Congress of the United States. 

In Columbia District. Washington City, the 



46 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

seat of government of the whole United States, on 
the river Potomack. 

Alexandria, south of Washington, on the Poto- 
mack. 

Georgetown, northwest of Washington, on the 
Potomack. 

In Virginia. Richmond, a city, the seat of gov- 
ernment, on James River. 

Norfolk, the chief seaport, on Elizabeth River, 
near the mouth of James River. 

Petersburg, on the Appomattox, a southern 
branch of James River. 

Wheeling, on the Ohio, in the northwest. 

Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock, north of 
Richmond. 

Yorktown, at the mouth of York River. 

In North Carolina. Raleigh, the seat of gov- 
ernment, on the Neuse. 

Newbern, southeast of Raleigh, on the Neuse. 

Fayetteville, south of Raleigh, on Cape Fear 
River. 

Edenton, at the head of Albemarle Sound. 

Wilmington, on Cape Fear River, near its 
mouth. 

In South Carolina. Columbia, the seat of gov- 
ernment, on the Congaree, a branch of £>antee 
River. 

Charleston, the largest town, a seaport at the 
mouth of Ashley and Cooper Rivers. 

Georgetown, on Winyaw Bay, near the mouth 
of Great Pedee River. 

In Georgia. ■ Milled geville, the seat of govern- 
ment, on the Oconee, a branch of the Altamaha. 

Savannah, the largest town on Savannah River. 

Augusta, on the Savannah, northwest of Savan- 
nah City. 



UNITED STATES. 47 

In Ohio. Columbus, the seat of government, on 
the Scioto. 

Cincinnati, the largest town, in the southwest, 
on the Ohio. 

Chillicothe, south of Columbus, on the Scioto. 

Zanesville, on the Muskingum, east of Columbus.. 

Steubenville, in the east, on the Ohio. 

Marietta, on the Ohio, near the mouth of the 
Muskingum. 

In Kentucky. Frankfort, the seat of govern- 
ment, on Kentucky River. 

Lexington, the largest town, southeast of Frank- 
fort. 

Louisville, nearly west of Frankfort, on the Ohio, 
where the rapids obstruct navigation. 

In Tennessee. Nashville, the capital and larg- 
est town, on Cumberland River. 

Knoxville, in the east, on the Holston, a branch 
of Tennessee River. 

Murfreesborough, near the centre of the state. 

Memphis, on the Mississippi. 

In Indiana. Indianapolis, the seat of govern- 
ment, near the centre of the state. 
Vincennes, on the Wabash. 
Madison, on the Ohio. 
Harmony, on the Wabash, south of Vincennes. 

In Illinois. Springfield, the seat of govern- 
ment, on the Sangamon. 

Kaskaskia, near the mouth of the Kaskaskia. 

Chicago, the largest town, on Lake Michigan. 

Alton and Edwardsville, nearly opposite the 
mouth of the Missouri. 

Peoria, near a small lake on the Illinois. 

Nauvoo, the Mormon city, on the Mississippi. 

Galena, in the northwest corner of the state. 

In Missouri. Jefferson, the capital, near the 
centre of the state, on the Missouri. 



48 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

St. Lotus, the largest town, on the Mississippi, 
below the mouth of the Missouri. 

St. Charles, northwest of St. Louis, on the Mis- 
souri. 

In Louisiana. New Orleans, the seat of gov- 
ernment and largest town, on the Mississippi. 

Baton Rouge, on the Mississippi, northwest of 
New Orleans. 

Natchitoches, on Red River, in the northwest. 

In Mississippi. Jackson, the seat of govern- 
ment, on Pearl River. 

Natchez, the largest town, on the Mississippi. 
Vicksburg, north of Natchez, on the Mississippi. 

In Alabama. Mobile, the largest town, at the 
head of Mobile Bay. 

Tuscaloosa, the seat of government, on the 
Black Warrior, a branch of the Tombigbee. 

Cahawba, south of Tuscaloosa, on the Alabama. 

In Michigan. Detroit, the seat of government, 
on Detroit River. 

Michilimackmack or Mackinaw, on an island, at 
the entrance of Lake Michigan. 

In Arkansas. Little Rock, the seat of govern- 
ment, on Arkansas River. 

Arkansas, on Arkansas River, southeast of 
Little Rock. # 

In Florida. Pensacola, a naval station, on a 
bay in the northwest. 

St. Augustine, on the Atlantic, in the north- 
east. 

St. Marks, on Apalachee Bay. 

Tallahassee, the seat of government, north of 
St. Marks. 



UNITED STATES. 49 

Reversed Questions on the Map of the U. States. 

1. On which side of the United States are the 
great Lakes 1 

2. On which side of the United States is Can- 
ada? 

3. What Ocean are the United States west of? 
what Ocean east, of? 

4. What Gulf are the United States north of? 

5. On what Continent are they? 

6. Do they lie in north or south latitude ? 

Capes. 

7. At the mouth of what Bay are Capes May 
and Henlopen ? 

8. In what States are they ? 

9. At the mouth of what Bay are Capes Charles 
and Henry ? 

10. In what State are they ? 

11. Where are Capes Hatteras, Lookout, and 
Fear? 

12. Where are Capes Cod and Ann ? 

Mountains. 

13. In what direction do the Alleghany Moun- 
tains run ? 

14. Where are the White Mountains? Green 
Mountains? Blue Ridge?- Catskill Mountains? 
Cumberland Mountains ? Ozark Mountains ? 

Islands. 

15. Where are the Islands of Nantucket and 
Martha's Vineyard ? Rhode Island ? Block Island? 
Long Island? Staten Island? Grand Island? 
Amelia Island ? Key West ? 

Bays. 

16. Where is the Bay of Fundy ? Penobscot 



50 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Bay ? Narraganset Bay ? Delaware Bay ? Chesa- 
peake Bay? Massachusetts Bay? 

Sounds. 

17. Where is Long Island Sound ? 

18. Where are Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds ? 

Lakes. 

19. Where is Lake Superior ? Huron? Michi- 
gan? St. Clair? Erie? Ontario? Champlain? 
George ? 

20. Where are Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne? 

Rivei^s. 

21. Where is the River St. Lawrence? what is 
it called between Lakes Ontario and Erie? be- 
tween Erie and Huron ? between Huron and Su- 
perior ? 

22. Where is the St. Croix? Penobscot? Ken- 
nebeck? Saco? Androscoggin? Piscataqua? Mer- 
rimack? Connecticut? Hudson? Mohawk? So- 
rel? Genessee? Oswego? Delaware? Lehigh and 
Schuylkill ? Susquehannah ? 

23. Juniata? Alleghany and Monongahela ? Po- 
tomack? Rappahannock? York? James? Roan- 
oke? Pamlico and Neuse? Cape Fear? Great 
Pedee? Santee? Savannah? Edisto? Altamaha? 
What two rivers unite to form the Altamaha ? 

24. Where is the Ogechee? Appalachicola ? 
What two rivers unite to form the Appalachicola? 
Where are the Alabama and Tombigbee? Missis- 
sippi? Illinois? Ohio? 

25. Muskingum, Hockhocking, Scioto, and Mi- 
ami? Great Kenhawa? Tennessee? Cumber- 
land? Wabash? Missouri? Arkansas? Red 
River? White? Wachitta ? Pearl River? 

Canals. 

26. Where is the Erie Canal, and what does it 
connect ? 



UNITED STATES. 51 

Ask the same questions of the Union and Pennsylva- 
nia Canal ? Ohio Canal ? Miami Canal ? Champlain 
Canal ? Morris Canal ? Delaware and Chesapeake Ca- 
nal ? Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ? The Farmington 
Canal ? The Dismal Swamp Canal ? The Illinois and 
Chicago Canal ? 

Towns. 

27. Where is Portland ? Brunswick? Augusta? 
North Yarmouth ? York and Wells ? Saco ? Wis- 
casset ? Bangor ? Belfast and Castine ? Machias ? 
Eastport ? 

28. Where is Portsmouth ? Concord ? Exeter ? 
Dover ? Hanover ? 

29. Where is Montpelier? Windsor? Burling- 
ton ? Bennington ? 

30. Where is Providence ? Newport ? Bristol ? 

31. Where is Hartford? New Haven? New 
London? Norwich? Middletown? Litchfield? 

32. Where is New York? Albany? Hudson? 
Troy? Schenectady? Utica? Brooklyn? New- 
burgh? Poughkeepsie ? Plattsburg? Buffalo? 
Rochester ? Canandaigua ? 

33. Where is Trenton? Newark? New Bruns- 
wick ? Princeton ? 

34. Where is Philadelphia ? Harrisburg ? Lan- 
caster ? Pittsburg? Meadville? 

35. Where is Dover ? New Castle ? Wilming- 
ton? 

36. Where is Baltimore ? Annapolis? 

37. Where is Washington City? Alexandria? 
Georgetown ? 

38. Where is Richmond? Norfolk? Peters- 
burg? Wheeling? Fredericksburg? Yorktown? 

39. Where is Raleigh? Newbern? Fayette- 
ville? Edenton? Wilmington? 

40. Where is Columbia ? Charleston ? George- 
town ? 



52 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

41. Where is Milledgevilie ? Savannah? Au- 
gusta ? 

42. Where is Columbus? Cincinnati? Chilli- 
cothe? Zanesville? Steubenville ? Marietta? 

43. Where is Frankfort? Lexington? Louis- 
ville ? 

44. Where is Nashville ? Knoxville ? Murfrees- 
boro'? Memphis? 

45. Where is Indianapolis ? Yincermes ? Madi- 
son ? Harmony ? 

46. Where is Springfield ? Chicago ? Alton and 
Edwardsville ? Peoria? Galena? Kaskaskia? 
Nauvoo ? 

47. Where is Jefferson ? St. Louis? St. Charles? 

48. Where is New Orleans? Baton Rouge? 
Natchitoches ? 

49. Where is Jackson ? Natchez ? Vicksburg ? 

50. Where is Mobile ? Tuscaloosa ? Cahawba? 

51. Where is Detroit ? Mackinaw? 

52. Where is Little Rock ? Arkansas ? 

53. Where is Pensacola ? St. Augustine ? St. 
Marks? Tallahassee? 



Questions on the Map of North America. 

1. Does North America lie in north or south 
latitude ? On which continent is it ? 

2. What Ocean bounds North America on the 
east ? on the west ? on the north ? 

Directions. The following and similar notes should be 
read to the class, and explained on the Maps, before any 
questions are asked. 

Note. By a strange misconception of right, the civil- 
ized nations of Europe pretended that they had a right 
to all the countries they might discover, which were not 
in the possession of some other civilized nation. Of 



NORTH AMERICA. 53 

course, Spain claimed all the countries discovered by- 
Columbus and others in her employ, and England, 
France, Portugal and Holland held the countries dis- 
covered by their subjects, although rilled with people, 
whom they were pleased to call savages. 

In this way, Spain obtained all that part of the United 
States which lies west of the Mississippi, and all the 
countries south of the United States to the Isthmus of 
Darien, including Florida. The French afterwards got 
possession of Louisiana, which was once the name of all 
that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, 
and sold it to the United States for fifteen millions of 
dollars. 

France claimed and governed all that part of North 
America situated north of the United States and its ter- 
ritories, but was obliged, in 1758, to resign it to Eng- 
land, who still holds it. 

England claimed that part of the United States which 
lies east of the Mississippi, and kept possession of it, 
until our declaration of Independence in 1776. 

The United States purchased Florida of Spain, in 
1821, for five millions of dollars. The rest of the Span- 
ish dominions in North America declared themselves in- 
dependent in 1821. The English claim a small portion 
of the eastern coast of Yucatan. 

The Russians claimed the western coast of North 
America, from California to the Arctic Ocean, but they 
have only established their claim to a tract situated in 
the northwest, between the Rocky Mountains, the Pen- 
insula of Alaska and the Arctic Ocean. 

Greenland was first settled by the Danes and Norwe- 
gians. The probability is, that it is an island, extending 
to the North Pole. 

3. In what part of North America are the Uni- 
ted States ? 

4. What land lies northeast of North America 1 

5. What separates Greenland from North Amer- 
ica? 

6. What Possessions are there in the northwest 
of North America ? 



54 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

7. What are the inhabitants of the northern part 
of North America called 1 

A. Esquimaux. Pronounced Es-ke-mo. 

8. What is the country east of Hudson's and 
James's Bay called ? Ans. Labrador . 

9. What is that part of N. America north of the 
U. States and east of Russian America called ? 

10. What British territory lies next north of the 
United States ? 

11. What small British province lies northeast 
of the United States ? 

12. What British Peninsular Province lies south- 
east of New Brunswick ? 

13. What is the United States territory west of 
the Rocky Mountains called 1 

1 4. What country lies south of Oregon Territory ? 

15. What independent state has been formed of 
that part of Mexico nearest the State of Louisiana? 

16. What independent country lies south of 
Mexico and joins South America 1 

A. The Republic or Republics of Central Amer- 
ica, of which Guatimala is the chief state. 

Peninsulas. 

17. What British peninsula northeast of the 
United States ? 

18. What peninsula forms the southeast point 
of the United States ? 

19. What peninsula south of the Gulf of Mexico, 
between two bays ? 

20. What peninsula west of Mexico ? 

21. What peninsula at the northwest of North 
America ? 

Capes. 

22. What cape south of Greenland ? south of 
Nova Scotia? Florida? California? 

23. What cape nearest Asia ? 

24. What cape in the Arctic Ocean, farther 
north 1 



NORTH AMERICA. 55 

Mountains. 

25. What chain of mountains extends from 
Mexico to the Arctic Ocean ? 

26. What mountains run northeast through the 
United States ? 

27. What mountain, the highest in North Amer- 
ica, is in the Russian territory ? 

- Islands. 

28. What cluster north of Barrow's Strait in the 
Arctic Ocean? 

29. What island at the mouth of the River St. 
Lawrence ? 

30. What island east of the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence ? 

31. What two large islands north of Nova Sco- 
tia, and belonging to it ? 

32. What cluster of small islands, belonging to 
England, lie east of the United States, about oppo- 
site Charleston, South Carolina ? 

Note. The islands of Kodiack, King George III., 
Prince of Wales, Queen Charlotte, and Nootka on the 
northwest coast of North America, although of large 
size, are very thinly inhabited by savages, and but little 
known to civilized nations. 

33. Which are the five largest islands on the 
northwest coast of North America ? 

34. What large cluster of islands lies between 
North and South America? 

35. Which is the largest West India island ? 

36. What European nation does it belong to ? 
A. Spain. 

37. What West India island is the next in size 
to Cuba? 

38. By what people is it governed ? A. Blacks. 

39. What West India island is next in size to 
Hayti ? 



56 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

40. To what nation does it belong 1 A. Eng- 
land. 

41. What West India island is next in size to 
Jamaica ? 

42. To what nation does it belong ? A. Spain. 

Gulfs. 

1. What gulf between Labrador, Newfound- 
land, and New Brunswick ? 

2. What gulf between Florida and Mexico 1 

3. What gulf between California and Mexico t 

Bays. 

4. What bay between Greenland and N. Amer- 
ica? 

Note. Baffin's Bay is probably part of the Arctic 
Ocean, extending to Bhering's Strait. 

5. What largest bay south of Baffin's ? 

6. What bay at the south of Hudson's ? 

7. What bay between New Brunswick and 
Nova Scotia ? 

8. What are the two principal bays east of the 
United States ? 

9. What bay south of the Gulf of Mexico ? 

10. What bay between Yucatan and Guati- 
mala? 

Straits. 

11. What strait at the entrance of Baffin's Bay ? 
of Hudson's Bay ? 

12. What strait affords a passage from Baffin's 
Bay westward into the Arctic Ocean ? 

13. What strait between Asia and America ? 

Lakes. 

14. Which is the largest of the five lakes that 
separate Canada from the United States ? 



NORTH AMERICA. 57 

15. What lake joins Superior on the east ? 

16. What lake joins Huron on the northwest, 
and is entirely in the United States 1 

17. What lake joins Huron on the south \ 

18. What lake joins Erie on the northeast? 

19. What smaller lake, northwest of Superior, 
touches the United States' territory % 

20. What large lake next northwest of the 
Lake of the Woods ? 

21. What are the three largest lakes northwest 
of Winnipeg ? 

22. What lake in Guatimala? 

Rivers. 

23. What river rises in Slave Lake, and runs 
northwest into the Arctic Ocean ? 

24. What other river empties into the Arctic 
Ocean, east of Mackenzie's ? 

25. What river rises in the Stony Mountains, 
and runs east into the north of Lake Winnipeg ? 

26. What river rises in the north of Lake Win- 
nipeg, and runs northeast into Hudson's Bay? 

Note. Nelson's River is supposed to be a continua- 
tion of the Saskashawan. It is not uncommon for rivers 
to run through lakes. 

27. What river, north of Nelson's, rises north 
of Lake Winnipeg, and runs into Hudson's Bay? 

28. What other river, south of Nelson's, rims 
from Lake Winnipeg into Hudson's Bay ? 

29. What large river, south of the Severn, runs 
east into James's Bay? 

30. What river connects Lake Ontario with the 
Atlantic Ocean ? 

31. What river rises southwest of the Lake of 
the Woods, and runs south into the Gulf of 
Mexico? 

32. What river rises in the Stony Mountains, 



58 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

and receiving numerous branches, runs southeast- 
erly into the Mississippi ? 

33. What river of Mexico rises east of the Rocky 
Mountains, and runs southeast into the Gulf of 
Mexico ? 

34. What river rises west of the same moun- 
tains, and runs southwest into the head of the Gulf 
of California ? 

35. What two rivers rise west of the Rocky 
Mountains in Oregon Territory, unite and form the 
Columbia River, which then runs west into the 
Pacific Ocean? 

A. Lewis and Clark. 

36. What river of Oregon Territory rises near 
the boundary of Mexico, and runs northwest into 
Columbia River ? 

37. What are the largest southern branches of 
the Missouri? 

A. The Yellow Stone, Platte, Kansas and Osage 
Rivers. 

38. What river rises in the mountains north of 
Lake Huron, separates Upper from Lower Can- 
ada, and falls into the River St. Lawrence ? 

39. What river rises in the northeastern corner 
of the United States, and running southeast 
through New Brunswick, falls into the Bay of 
Fundy ? 

40. What river rises in the south of Florida, 
runs north through several lakes, and then falls 
into the Atlantic Ocean? 

Towns and Cities. 

Note. See Towns of Massachusetts for Directions. 

In British America. Montreal and Quebec, in 
Canada, on the River St. Lawrence. 
Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia. 
York, or Toronto, in Canada, on Lake Ontario. 



NORTH AMERICA. 59 

Kingston, a port on the same lake, the present 
capital of Canada. 

Frederickstown, the capital of New Brunswick, 
on St. John's River. 

St. Johns, at the mouth of St. John's River. 

St. John's, chief town of Newfoundland. 

LiOuisburg and Sydney, on Cape Breton Island. 

Nain, in the northeast of Labrador. 

In Mexico. Santa Fe, near the source of the 
Rio Bravo or Del Norte. 

Vera Cruz, the chief seaport on the west side of 
the Bay of Campeachy. 

Mexico, the capital city, west of Vera Cruz. 

Acapidco, the chief seaport on the Pacific, south- 
west of Mexico. 

Guanajuato, and Guadalaxara, northwest of 
Mexico. 

Zacatecas, north of Guanaxuato and Guadalax- 
ara. 

Puebla, Cholula, and Xalapa, between Mexico 
and Vera Cruz. 

Tampico, a seaport north of Vera Cruz. 

Matamoras, a seaport at the mouth of the River 
Del Norte. 

Monterey, a seaport in North California. 

In Central America. Guatimala, the capital, in 
the west. 

Leon and Nicaragua, near Lake Nicaragua. 

Merida, the capital of Yucatan. 

Balize, capital of the English settlement on Yu- 
catan. 

In Texas. Austin, on the Colorado. 
Galveston, on a bay of the same name. 
Nacogdoches, in the east, on a small river. 
Matagorda, at the mouth of the Colorado. [See 
Map of U. States also.] 

In Cuba. Havana, in the northwest. 



60 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

St. Jago, in the southeast. 
Matanzas, east of Havana. 

In Hayti. Cape Henry or Cape Francois, in 
the northwest. 

Port au Prince, the capital, in the west. 
St. Domingo, in the southeast. 
Aux Cayes, in the southwest. 

In Jamaica. Kingston, the capital, in the south- 
east. 

Spanish Town and Port Royal, near Kingston. 

In Porto Rico. St. Juan, in the north. 

In the Bahamas. Nassau, the capital, on New 
Providence Island. 

Questions Reversed. 

1. North America is west of what ocean ? East 
of what ocean 1 South of what ocean ? 

2. In what part of North America are the Brit- 
ish Possessions? 

3. In what part of North America are the U. 
States and their Territories? 

4. Where are the Russian settlements ? 

5. Where is Greenland 1 

6. Where is Labrador? 

7. Where is Canada ? 

8. Where is New Brunswick ? 

9. Where is Nova Scotia? 

10. Where is Oregon Territory? 

11. Where is Mexico? 

12. Where is Texas? 

13. Where is Central America ? 

14. Where is Florida? 

15. Where is the peninsula of Greenland ? of 
Nova Scotia? of Florida? of Yucatan? of Cali- 
fornia? of Alaska? 



NORTH AMERICA. 61 

16. Where is Cape Farewell? Sable? St. Lu- 
cas ? Prince of Wales ? Icy Cape ? 

17. Where are the Rocky Mountains? 
18.. Where are the Alleghany Mountains? 

19. Where is Mount St. Elias ? 

20. Where is Iceland ? Newfoundland ? Anti- 
costi? St. John's and Cape Breton? the Bermuda 
Islands ? North Georgian Isles ? 

21. Where are the West Indies? Porto Rico? 
Jamaica ? Hayti or St. Domingo ? Cuba ? 

22. Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence? of 
Mexico ? of California ? 

23. Where is Baffin's Bay? Hudson's? James's? 
the Bay of Fundy ? Chesapeake ? Delaware ? the 
Bay of Campeachy ? the Bay of Honduras ? 

24. Where is Davis's Strait ? Hudson's? Bhe- 
ring's Strait ? 

25. Where is Lake Superior ? Michigan ? Hu- 
ron ? Erie ? St. Clair ? Ontario ? Slave Lake ? 
Great Bear Lake ? Lake Athapescow ? Winnipeg ? 
Lake of the Woods ? Nicaragua Lake ? 

26. Where is Mackenzie's River? Coppermine? 
Saskashawan? Nelson's^ Churchill's? Severn? 
Albany? St. Lawrence? Mississippi? Missouri? 
Rio Del Norte or Rio Bravo ? Colorado ? Colum- 
bia or Oregon River ? 

27. What two rivers unite to form the Colum- 
bia? 

28. Where is the Multnomah ? Yellow Stone, 
Platte, Kansas, and Osage Rivers? Ottawas or 
Utewas River? St. John's? 

29. What other river, named St. John's, is en- 
tirely in the United States? 

30. Where is Nain ? York or Toronto ? Kings- 
ton? Montreal? Quebec? 

31. Which is farthest up the river, Montreal or 
Quebec ? 

32. Where is St. John's? Frederickstown? Hal- 
ifax ? Louisburg and Sydney ? 

6 



62 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

33. Where is Mexico ? Vera Cruz ? Acapulco 1 
Santa Fe ? Puebla ? Guanaxuato ? Zacatecas ? 
Cholula? Guadalaxara? Xalapa? 

34. Where is Guatimala ? Chiapa? Leon? 

35. Where is Havana ? St. Jago ? Matanzas ? 

36. Where is Cape Henry or Cape Francois? 
Port au Prince ? St. Domingo ? Aux Cayes ? 

37. Where is Kingston? St. Juan? 



Questions on the Map of South America. 

1. What sea bounds South America on the 
north ? 

2. What ocean bounds it on the east ? on the 
west ? 

3. What ocean lies at the southern extremity of 
South America? 

Note. South America, like North America, although 
filled with inhabitants, was seized and governed by those 
nations of Europe who first discovered it. 

Spain claimed New Grenada, Venezuela, Peru, Chili, 
and the United Provinces. 

Portugal claimed, and with difficulty held Brazil. 

Guiana, until lately consisted of four parts. 1st. 
Dutch Guiana, which belonged to the Netherlands, but 
of which the western part was ceded to England in 1814. 
2d. French Guiana. 3d. Portuguese Guiana, now a 
province of Brazil. 4th. Spanish Guiana, now a prov- 
ince of Venezuela. 

Patagonia is still possessed by the native tribes, of 
whom the Araucanians are brave and distinguished. 

Neiv Grenada and Venezuela, in 1810, declared them- 
selves independent of Spain, and, in 1819, united under the 
title of The Eepublic of Colombia, which has since separ- 
ated into three states, New Grenada, Venezuela and 
Ecuador or Equator. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 63 

Peru declared its independence in 1821. Chili was 
a part of -Peru, but became independent of Peru, before 
Peru was independent of Spain. 

Buenos Ayres and other Spanish provinces in the in- 
terior declared themselves independent in 1806, and took 
the title of the United Provinces. The whole territory 
has lately taken the name of Buenos Ayres. But dis- 
sensions have always existed, and some provinces have 
seceded. Paraguay separated, and is governed by a 
Director, whose singular policy it is to have no inter- 
course with any other nation. Bahda Oriental belonged 
to Buenos Ayres till 1821, when the Brazilians seized 
it. At the peace in 1829, it was declared neutral, and 
is in fact independent. It is also called Uruguay. 

Bolivia is a new republic, formed of the northern part 
of the United Provinces. Its independence was estab- 
lished in 1827. 

4. What is the whole southern extremity of 
South America called ? 

5. What tribe inhabits the northwest of it ? 

6. What country northeast of Patagonia ? 

7. What country west of the United Provinces? 

8. What country north of Chili and the United 
Provinces ? 

9. What country northwest of Bolivia ? 

10. What country east of Peru and Bolivia? 

11. What country north of Peru and west of 
Brazil ? 

12. What country north of Ecuador? 

13. What country east of New Grenada ? 

14. What were New Grenada, Venezuela and 
Ecuador lately called ? 

A. The Republic of Colombia. 

15. What three European colonies southeast of 
Venezuela ? 

16. Which Guiana is the most easterly? 

17. Which is the most westerly? 

18. What small government lies south of Brazil 
and north of the River La Plata ? 



64 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

A. Banda Oriental or Uruguay. 

19. What small government farther north, be- 
tween Brazil and the United Provinces ? 

Capes. 

20. What is the most northern cape of South 
America called ? 

21. What cape in the northeast, at the entrance 
of the River Amazon ? 

22. What is the most easterly cape of S. Amer- 
ica? 

23. What capes at the mouth of the river La 
Plata 1 

24. What cape at the southern extremity of S. 
America ? 

25. What is the most western cape of S. Amer- 
ica? 

Peninsulas, Mountains, fyc. 

26. What peninsulas northeast and west of Pat- 
agonia ? 

27. What isthmus northwest of New Grena- 
da ? 

28. What chain of mountains on the western 
coast runs the whole extent of S. America ? 

29. Where are Chimborazo, the highest peak, 
and Cotopaxi, the highest volcano of the Andes % 

Islands. 

30. What island at the northeast of Venezuela, 
belonging to England ? 

31. What island farther west, belonging to Ven- 
ezuela 3 What four belonging to the Netherlands ? 

32. What island at the mouth of the Amazon 
and Para rivers ? What island on the southeast 
coast of Brazil 1 

33. What large island south of Patagonia? 

34. What islands northeast of Terra del Fue- 
go? 



SOUTH AMERICA. 65 

35. What island east of Terra del Fuego? 

36. What island south of Chili? 

37. What small islands west of Chili? 

38. What cluster on the equator, west of New 
Grenada? 

Seas, Gulfs, Bays. 

39. What sea is north of Colombia ? 

40. What two gulfs or bays in the northwest of 
New Grenada ? Which is on the Pacific Ocean ? 

41. What gulf in the northwest of Venezuela ? 

42. What gulf west of Ecuador ? 

43. What bays east of Patagonia ? 

44. What strait separates Terra del Fuego from 
Patagonia ? 

Lakes. 

45. What lake in the northwest of Venezuela ? 

46. What is the largest lake between Bolivia 
and Pern ? What two lakes in the south of Bra- 
zil and east of Banda Oriental ? 

Rivers. 

47. What river rises in New Grenada, between 
the Andes, runs north, receives the Cauca, and 
empties into the Caribbean Sea? 

48. What river rises in Venezuela, and after a 
very circuitous course, runs east into the Atlantic ? 

49. What large river rises in the Andes, crosses 
South America, and falls into the Atlantic under 
the equator? 

50. What four principal branches of the Ama- 
zon run into it on the north ? 

A. Negro, Yupura, Parana, and Napo. 

51. Which is the largest northern branch? 

52. Which are the four largest southern branch- 
es of the Amazon ? 

A. U cay ale, Madeira, Topayos, Xingu. 
5§. Which is the largest southern branch ? 
6* 



66 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

54. What river rises in the interior of Brazil, 
runs north, and then unites with the Tocantins or 
Para, which empties into the Atlantic near the 
mouth of the Amazon? 

55. What river rises in the east of Brazil, and 
runs northeasterly into the Atlantic ? 

56. What two rivers rise in Brazil, unite in the 
United Provinces, and forming the river La Plata, 
fall into the Atlantic ? 

57. What river rises in the south of Brazil, runs 
south by Banda Oriental, and falls into the La 
Plata? 

58. What river separates Patagonia from the 
United Provinces ? What river is next north of 
that? 

59. What two rivers rise in the Andes of Boli- 
via, and run southeast into the Paraguay ? 

Cities and Towns. 

In New Grenada. Find Santa Fe de Bogota, 
the capital. 

Popayan, southwest of Santa Fe. 

Carthagena and St. Martha, on the Caribbean 
Sea, near the mouths of the Magdalena. 

Porto Bello, north of the isthmus of Darien. 

Panama, south of the isthmus, on the Bay of 
Panama. 

In Equator, or Ecuador. Quito, southwest of 
Popayan. 

Guayaquil, south of Quito, on the bay. 
Cuenga, southeast of Guayaquil. 

In Venezuela. Caraccas, in the north, and La 
Guayra its seaport. 

Cumana and Barcelona, east of Caraccas. 
St. Thomas or Angostura, on the Orinoco. 

In British Guiana. Stabroek or Georgetown, on 
Demarara River. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 67 

In Dutch Guiana. Paramaribo, on the River 
Surinam. 

In French Guiana. Cayenne, on an island at 
the mouth of Cayenne River. 

In Peru. Lima, the capital. 
Callao, the seaport of Lima. 
Guamanga and Cusco, in the interior. 
Arequipa, in the south. 
Truxillo, in the northwest. 

In Brazil. Rio Janeiro, the capital, on the 
southeast coast. 

Bahia or St. Salvador, on All Saints Bay. 

Pernambuco, south of Cape St. Roque. 

Maranham, on an island in the northeast. 

Villa Rica, north of Rio Janeiro, in the interior. 

Cuyaba, in the interior, on a branch of the Para- 
guay. 

Para, at the mouth of the Para. 

St. Paul, southwest of Rio Janeiro. 

Rio Grande, at the south, near Lake Patos. 

In the United Provinces or Buenos Ayres. Bue- 
nos Ayres, the capital, on the La Plata. 

Santa Fe, northwest of Buenos Ayres. 

Cordova, west of Santa Fe. 

Mendoza and St. Juan, on the western frontier. 

Corrientes, at the junction of the Parana and 
Paraguay. 

In Banda Oriental. Monte Video, on the La 
Plata. 

In Paraguay. Assumption, on the Paraguay. 

In Bolivia. La Plata or Chuquisaea, the capi- 
tal. 

Potosi, west of La Plata. 
La Paz, north of Potosi. 
Cobija, the only seaport. 



68 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 

In Chili. Santiago or St. Jago, the capital, 
Valparaiso, the seaport of St. Jago. 
Conception, south of Valparaiso. 
Valdivia, a fine seaport south of Conception. 
Coquimbo, a seaport north of Valparaiso. 

Patagonia has no towns. 
Reversed Questio?is on the Map of South America, 

1. What sea is South America south of? 

2. What ocean is it east of ? 

3. What ocean is it west of? 

4. In what part is Patagonia ? 

5. In what part are the United Provinces ? Ban- 
da Oriental ? Paraguay ? 

6. In what part is Chili ? 

7. In what part is Brazil ? 

8. In what part is Peru ? 

9. In what part is New Grenada ? 

10. In what part is Venezuela ? 

11. In what part is Ecuador ? 

12. Where is Bolivia ? 

13. Where are all the Guianas situated? 

14. Where is Dutch Guiana situated ? 

15. Where is British Guiana situated ? 

16. Where is French Guiana situated? 

17. Where is Cape Vela? North Cape? Cape 
St. Roque ? Capes Maria and St. Antonio ? Cape 
Horn? Cape Blanco? 

18. Where is the island of Trinidad ? Margari- 
ta ? Cura^oa ? Joannes ? Terra del Fuego ? Sta- 
ten? Falkland Islands? Chiloe? St. Felix, Mas- 
afuero and Juan Fernandez ? Catharine ? 

19. Where is the Caribbean Sea ? 

20. Where is the Gulf of Darien? the Gulf of 
Guayaquil ? Gulf of Venezuela ? 

21 . Where are Bays Matthias and George ? the 
Bay of Panama ? 



SOUTH AMERICA. 69 

22. Where is Lake Maracaybo? Lake Titicaca ? 
Lakes Patos and Mirim? 

23. Where is the River Magdalena ? Orinoco ? 
Amazon? Negro, Yupura, Parana, .and Napo? 
Ucayale, Madeira, Topayos, and Xingu ? 

24. Where is the River Para or Tocantins ? 

25. What large river unites with the Tocantins 
or Para on the west % 

26. Where is the River St. Francisco ? 

27. What two rivers unite to form the La 
Plata ? 

28. Where are the Rivers Pilcomayo and Ver- 
mejo 1 The Colorado and Negro ? 

29. Where is Santa Fe de Bogota ? Popayan ? 
St. Martha? Carthagena? Panama? Porto Bello? 

30. Where is Caraccas ? Cumana ? Barcelona ? 
St. Thomas? LaGuayra? 

31. Where is Quito ? Guayaquil? Cuenea? 

32. Where is Georgetown or Stabroek? Para- 
maribo ? Cayenne ? 

33. Where is Lima? Callao? Guamanga? Cus- 
co? Arequipa? Truxillo? 

34. Rio Janeiro ? Bahia ? Pernambuco ? Yilla 
Rica ? Cuyaba ? Maranham or St. Louis ? Para ? 
St. Paul? Rio Grande? 

35. Where is Buenos Ayres ? Santa Fe? Cor- 
dova ? Mendoza and St. Juan ? Corrientes ? 

36. Monte Video ? Assumption ? 

37. Where are La Plata? Potosi? La Paz? 
Cobija? 

38. St. Jago? Conception? Valparaiso? Val- 
divia? Coquimbo? 



70 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 



Questions on the Map of Europe. 

1. In what latitude is Europe situated, north or 
south ? 

2. What grand division of the globe bounds. 
Europe on the east? 

3. What ocean bounds Europe on the west ? 

4. What ocean on the north ? 

5. What sea on the south? 

6. What grand division of the earth lies south 
of Europe ? 

7. What country in the north west of Europe? 

Note. Norway was once a separate kingdom, but in 
1814 it was united to Sweden, and is now a mere prov- 
ince. 

8. What country in the northeast and east of 
Europe ? 

9. What country between Norway and Russia? 

10. What is that part of Russia east of the Gulf 
of Bothnia called ? 

11. What is the northern part of Sweden and 
Finland called ? 

12. What peninsular country south of Sweden 
and Norway? 

13. To what country is Denmark joined ? 

Note. Germany is a confederation or union of thirty- 
nine small states for their common protection. Each 
state is governed by its own magistrates and laws, but 
there is a general government called the Diet, which, 
settles such questions as concern all the states. This 
Diet consists of deputies from all the states, much like 
the Congress of the United States. The principal of 
the German -States are the empire of Austria, and king- 
dom of Prussia, (which are usually described separately,) 
and the smaller kingdoms of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover 
and Wurtemburg. The smaller states are called Duch- 
ieS) Principalities, Electorates, Land gr aviates y &c» 



EUROPE. 71 

Many of the small states, once called German, are now 
included in Austria, Prussia, Denmark and Belgium. 

14 What country lies west of Russia on the 
Baltic Sea? 

Note. The kingdom of Prussia is too irregularly 
shaped to be easily described. Prussia, before 1701, 
was a small state of Germany ; it was then erected into 
a kingdom, and by successful wars has acquired much 
territory. Besides what lies north of Poland and Bohe- 
mia, it has several provinces in the west of Germany, 
adjoining Holland and Belgium, and entirely separated 
from the eastern part of the kingdom by Hanover, 
Brunswick, and other small German states. 

15. What is that part of Russia between Prus- 
sia and Austria called ? 

Note. Poland was once an independent kingdom, but 
was conquered by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and di- 
vided between them. A part is still called the kingdom 
of Poland, but it is dependent on the Emperor of Rus- 
sia. 

16. What country south of Poland and Prus- 
sia? 

Note. The Empire of Austria is composed of several 
states which were once independent. The chief of these 
are the kingdoms of Bohemia, Galicia, Hungary, Illyria, 
and Venetian Lombardy, and the smaller states of Aus- 
tria Proper, Moravia, Stiria, Tyrol, Transylvania, &c. 
The Emperor of Austria was Emperor of all Germany 
until 1815, when his empire was reduced to the domin- 
ions mentioned in this note, 

17. What country southeast of Austria ? 

18. What is the southern part of Turkey called ? 

Note. Greece was once subject to Turkey, but was 
declared independent by the treaty of peace between 
Russia and Turkey in 1829. The principalities of Wa- 
laehia, Moldavia, and Servia are also nearly independent 
of Turkey. 



72 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

19. What kingdom northwest of Germany 7 

Note. Holland and six other small states formed a 
republic called the Seven United Provinces. These 
were conquered by France, and made a kingdom, called 
the kingdom of Holland, which was re-taken from the 
French after the battle of Waterloo, and, with Belgium, 
formed into the kingdom of the Netherlands. In 1830, 
Holland and Belgium became separate kingdoms. 

20. What country south of Belgium ? 

21. What country joins France on the south- 
west ? 

22. What small kingdom west of Spain ? 

23. What mountainous country southwest of 
Germany, east of France % 

Switzerland is made up of about 24 small states, usu- 
ally called Cantons, which have separate governments 
besides a general Diet or Congress. . 

24. What peninsular country, at its northern 
limit, joins Austria, Switzerland and France ? 

Note. Italy contains several independent states. At i 
the south is the kingdom of Naples ; in the middle is j 
the territory belonging to the Church of Home and gov- I 
erned by the Pope. The Island of Sardinia and the ter- ; 
ritory around the north of Genoa form the kingdom of | 
Sardinia ; in the northeast is the kingdom of Lombardy, ; 
subject to Austria ; southwest of Lombardy are the small I 
states of Parma, Modena and Lucca, and between these I 
and the Territory of the Church is Tuscany.*- Corsica j 
belongs to France, and Sicily to Naples. Malta belongs | 
to England. 

25. What kingdom in the south part of Italy? I 
What government north of Naples ? What duchy 

* In the States of the Church, south of Ravenna, is a small Re- 
public, called St. Marino, which has maintained its independence 
many centuries. A similar republic, called Andorra, is in Spain, 
at the foot of the Pyrenees. 

I 

i 

i 
i 



EUROPE. 73 

north of the Pope's domains or States of the 
Church ? What kingdom northwest of Tuscany ? 

26. What insular kingdom north of France? 

Note, England, Ireland, and Scotland were once inde- 
pendent kingdoms, but Ireland was conquered by the Eng- 
lish, and then a Scotch king inherited the English throne. 
The larger island, (including England and Scotland,) 
was called Great Britain, to distinguish it from Little 
Britany in France. Hence arose the present title of 
** The United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland." 
The principality of Wales is considered a part of Eng- 
land, and is in the west of it. 

27. What two countries form what is called 
Great Britain ? 

28. What insular country, subject to the British 
government, lies west of Great Britain ? 

29. What is the western part of England call- 
ed ? 

Peninsulas and Isthmuses. 

30. What kingdom forms a peninsula north of 
Germany ? 

31. What isthmus connects it with Germany? 
A. Sleswick. 

32. What two kingdoms form a peninsula at the 
south of France ? 

•. 33. What isthmus joins them to France? 

A. Pyrenees. 

34 What Peninsula is at the south of Tur- 
key ? 

35. What isthmus connects the Morea with 
Turkey? A. Corinth. 

36. What peninsula south of Russia in Eu- 
rope ? 

37. What isthmus connects Crimea with Rus- 
sia ? A. Precop or Perecop. 

7 



74 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Islands. 

38. The largest island of Europe lies west of the 
North Sea ; what is it called ? 

39. What island west of Great Britain ? 

40. What island near the centre of the Irish 
Sea? 

41. What island at the northwest corner of 
Wales 1 

42. What small cluster off Landsend 1 

43. What island in the English Channel, south 
of Portsmouth ? 

44. What large island west of Norway ? 

45. What cluster west of Scotland 1 
A. Hebrides, or Western Islands. 

46. What cluster nearest the north of Scot- 
land? 

47. What cluster northeast of the Orknies ? 

48. What cluster between the Shetland Isles 
and Iceland ? 

49. What cluster northwest of Norway ? 

50. What Danish Island at the entrance of the 
Baltic ? .4. Zealand. 

51. What Danish island between Zealand and 
Denmark ? A. Funen. 

52. What Prussian island north of the north- 
west of Prussia ? A. Rugen. 

53. What Danish island northeast of Rugen? 
A. Bornholm. 

54. What two Swedish islands east of the south 
of Sweden? A. Gland and Gothland. 

55. What Russian island at the entrance of the 
Gulf of Riga ? 

56. What Russian island at the entrance of the 
Gulf of Bothnia ? A. Aland. 

57. What island at the entrance of the Zuyder 
Zee? 

58. What two islands west of Rochelle and 
Rochefort in France ? 



EUROPE. 75 

59. What three islands on the north coast of 
France ? 

Note. These three islands belong to England. 

60. What cluster east of Spain ? What are the 
three largest called ? 

61. What is the largest island west of Italy ? 

62. What island north of Sardinia ? 

63. What island between Corsica and Italy 1 

64. What large island at the southwest point of 
Italy? 

65. What small cluster of volcanic islands north 
of Sicily 1 

66. What English island south of Sicily 1 

67. What large island south of the Archipelago 1 

68. Which is the largest island in the Archi- 
pelago 1 

Note. Many of the islands of the Archipelago have 
been distinguished in ancient times, but at present only 
four are deserving of notice, Mytilene or Metelin, a 
Turkish naval station. Scio, celebrated for the barba- 
rous massacre of its inhabitants by the Turks, and Hy- 
dra and Ipsara, near the Morea, which belong to Greece. 

69. What cluster west of Greece 1 A. Ionian 
Isles. 

Note. Corfu, Cefalonia, Zante, Cerigo, and a few 
smaller islands are called the Ionian Republic, and are 
protected by the British Government. Corfu is the cap- 
ital. 

Capes. 

70. Which is the most northern cape of Eu- 
rope 1 

71. What is the south cape of Norway called ? 

72. What is the north cape of Denmark called 1 
A. Skaw. 

73. What two capes northwest of Spain ? 

74. What cape southwest of Portugal ? 



76 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

75. What three capes northeast of Spain 1 

76. What cape south of Sicily ? 

77. What is the southwest cape of Italy ? 

78. What cape south of the Morea ? 

Mountains. 

79. What mountains between Norway and 
Sweden ? 

i 80. What two ranges of mountains in the inte- 
rior of France ? 

81. What mountains between France and 
Spain ? 

82. What mountains west and south of Swit- 
zerland ? 

83. What are the most celebrated peaks of the 
Alps called? A. Blanc, Rosa, Great St. Ber- 
nard, St. Gothard, Cents, and Viso. 

84. What mountains run through Italy 1 

85. What range of mountains crosses the north 
of Turkey ? A. Hcemus or Balkan. 

86. What mountains in the northeast of Aus- 
tria? 

87. What mountains between Europe and 
Asia ? 

88. What volcanic mountain near the city of Na- 
ples ? What volcanic mountain in Sicily ? What 
volcanic mountain in Iceland ? 

89. What hills separate England from Scot- 
land ? 

90. What high mountain in the north of Scot- 
land ? In the north of Wales ? A. Snoivdon. 

Seas. 

91. What sea in the north of Russia ? 

92. What sea between Sweden, Russia, and 
Prussia ? 

93. What sea east of Great Britain ? 



EUROPE. 77 

94. What two small seas, between Denmark, 
Norway and Sweden, unite the North Sea and 
the Baltic ? 

95. What sea between England and Ireland ? 

96. What sea separates Europe from Africa 7 

97. What sea east of Greece 1 

98. What sea between Turkey, Russia and 
Asia? 

99. What smaller sea in Russia, north of the 
Black Sea ? 

100. What small sea between the Black and 
Archipelago 1 

Straits. 

101. What strait connects the Baltic with the 
Cattegat 1 A. The Sound. 

Note. The Sound, between Zealand and Sweden, is 
the best and deepest entrance to the Baltic. There 
are two other passages, one between the islands of 
Zealand and Funen, called the Great Belt, and the 
other between Funen and the Peninsula, called the 
Little Belt. 

102. What strait connects the North Sea with 
the British or English Channel ? 

103. What strait connects the Mediterranean 
Sea with the Atlantic Ocean ? 

104. What strait between Sardinia and Cor- 
sica ? 

105. What strait between the Mediterranean and 
the Gulf of Venice ? 

106. What strait between the Sea of Marmora 
and Archipelago 7 

107. What strait connects the Black Sea with 
the Sea of Marmora ? A. Constantinople. 

108. What strait connects the Sea of Azoph and 
the Black Sea 1 

7* 



78 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Gulfs. 

109. What gulf, north of the Baltic Sea, sepa- 
rates Sweden from Russian Finland 1 

110. What gulf, northeast of the Baltic Sea, 
south of Finland ? 

111. What other gulf in Russia, south of the 
Gulf of Finland ? 

112. What gulf or sea in the Netherlands? 
A. Zuyder Zee. 

Note. Zuyder Zee means South Sea. 

113. What gulf south of France ? 

114. What gulf northwest of Italy ? 

1 15. What gulf southeast of Italy 1 

116. What gulf or sea between Italy and Tur- 
key ? 

117. What gulf, north of the Morea ? 

A. Lepanto, west of the Isthmus, and Egina, 
east of it ? 

118. What gulf in Turkey, northwest of the 
Archipelago ? 

Bays. 

119. What bay west of France and north of 
Spain ? 

Note. There is a considerable bay before the city of 
Cadiz in Spain, called the Bay of Cadiz, and another 
beautiful one before the city of Naples, in Italy, called 
the Bay of Naples. 

Lakes. 

120. What two lakes northeast of the Gulf of 
Finland in Russia ? 

121. What two lakes in the south of Sweden ? 

122. What are the two largest lakes in Switzer- 
land ? A. Constance and Geneva. 

123. What three considerable lakes in the north 
of Italy, near the Alps? 

A. Maggiore, Garda and Como. 



EUROPE. 79 

Rivers. 

124. What river rises in the Uralian Mountains 
and runs into the Arctic Ocean, west of Nova 
Zembla? 

125. What river rises in the northeast of Rus- 
sia, and falls into the White Sea, near Archangel 7 

126. What river falls into the White Sea south- 
west of the Dwina ? 

127. What river rises in the mountains of Lap- 
land, and runs south into the Gulf of Bothnia, sep- 
arating Sweden from Russian Finland 1 

128. What other river -rises in the Dofrafield 
Mountains, and runs east into the Gulf of Bothnia, 
opposite Aland ? 

129. What river rises in Norway, east of the 
Dofrafield Mountains, and runs south into the 
Skager Rack ? 

130. What river in the south of England, runs 
east into the North Sea 7 

131. What river rises in Wales, separates part 
of Wales from England, and falls into Bristol 
Channel 7 

132. What river in the north of England runs 
west into the Irish Sea by Liverpool 1 

133. What river from the interior of Ireland 
runs west into the Atlantic Ocean 7 

134. What river connects Lake Ladoga with 
the Gulf of Finland 7 A. Neva. 

135. What river rises in Russia and runs north- 
west into the Gulf of Riga % 

136. What river rises in Russia, crosses the 
northeast of Prussia, and falls into the Baltic 7 

137. What river rises in the Carpathian Moun- 
tains, runs through Poland and Prussia, and falls 
into the Baltic east of Dantzic 7 

138. What river rises in the south of East Prus- 
sia, runs through Prussia, and falls into the Baltic, 
west of Dantzic 7 



80 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

139. What river rises in the mountains of Bo- 
hemia, and runs northwest through Prussia and 
Germany into the North Sea ? 

140. What river rises in the interior of Germa- 
ny, runs north through Hanover, and falls into 
the North Sea, west of the Elbe 1 

141. What river rises in Switzerland, crosses 
lake Constance, separates France from Germany, 
runs through some of the German states, Western 
Prussia, and Holland, and then empties by sev- 
eral mouths into the North Sea ? 

142. What is the largest eastern branch of the 
Rhine called ? A. Mayne. 

143. What is the largest western branch of the 
Rhine called ? A. Moselle. 

144. What two rivers rise in the Alps, south of 
Switzerland, run north, then unite, and fall into 
the Rhine ? A. Aar and Reuss. 

145. What river rises in the northeast of 
France, runs through Holland, and empties where 
the Rhine does 1 A. Maese or Meuse. 

146. What other river rises in the north of 
France, runs through the Netherlands, and falls 
into the North Sea ? A. Scheldt. 

147. What river rises in the interior of France, 
and runs northwest into the English Channel? 

148. What river of France rises in the Ce venues 
Mountains, and runs north, and then west into the 
Bay of Biscay ? 

149. What river rises north of the Pyrenees and 
runs northwest into the Bay of Biscay ? 

150. What river rises in the northwest of Spain, 
forms the northern boundary of Portugal, and 
empties into the Atlantic? 

151. What river rises in the north of Spain, 
runs west through the north of Portugal, and falls 
into the Atlantic ? 

152. What river rises in the interior of Spain, 



EUROPE. 81 

runs west through the middle of Portugal, and 
empties into the Atlantic 1 

153. What river rises in the interior of Spain, 
and falls into the Atlantic in the southeast of Por- 
tugal ? 

154. What river rises in the south of Spain, 
runs southwest and falls into the Bay of Cadiz ? 

155. What river rises in the north of Spain, and 
runs southeast into the Mediterranean ? 

156. What river rises in Switzerland, runs 
west through lake Geneva into France, and then 
south into the Gulf of Lyons? 

157. What river rises in the east of France, and 
runs south into the Rhone ? 

158. What river rises in the Appenines, and falls 
into the Gulf of Genoa ? 

159. What river near the middle of Italy, rises 
in the Appenines, and runs west into the Mediter- 
ranean? 

160. What i-ver rises in the northwest of Italy, 
and runs east into the Gulf of Venice ? 

161. What river rises in Austria, and runs south 
into the Gulf of Venice ? 

162. What river rises in the south of Germany, 
runs east through Austria and Turkey, and falls 
by several mouths into the Black Sea ? 

163. What are the chief southern branches of 
the Danube ? 

A. The Iser and Inn in Bavaria, the Save and 
Drave in Austria. 

164. What is the largest northern branch of the 
Danube, in Austria ? What northern branch of 
the Danube separates Russia from Turkey ? 

165. What river rises in Austria, north of the 
Carpathian Mountains, and runs southeast through 
Russia into the Black Sea ? 

166. What river rises in the south of Russia, 
and falls into the Black Sea northeast of the Dnies- 
ter? 



82 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

167. What larger river rises in the interior of . 
Russia, and runs south into the Black Sea ? 

168. What river rises in the southeast of Rus- j 
sia, and falls into the Sea of Azoph ? 

169. What river rises in the middle of Russia, 
runs east, and then south and east into the Cas- 
pian Sea ? 

170. What river rises in the Uralian Mountains, 
and runs south into the Caspian Sea, forming part 
of the boundary line between Europe and Asia 1 

Cities and Towns of Europe. 

In Sweden. Stockholm, the capital, on Lake or 
Bay Malar. 

Gottenburg or Gothenburg, the chief seaport on 
the Cattegat. 

Upsal, north of Stockholm, the seat of a famous 
university. 

Carlscrona, a naval depot at the south, on the 
Baltic. 

In Norway. Bergen, the ancient capital, in the 
southwest. 

Drontheim, north of Bergen. 

Christiania, the modern capital, east of Bergen, 
on a bay north of the Scager Rack. 

In Russia. Petersburg, the capital, between the 
Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, on the River 
Neva. 

Cronstadt, the chief naval depot, on the Gulf of 
Finland. 

Riga, at the mouth of the Duna. 

Archangel, near the White Sea, on the Dwina. 

Moscow, the former capital, on a branch of the 
Wolga, in the interior. 

Cherson, near the Black Sea, on the Dnieper. 

Sympheropol, in the Crimea. 

Odessa, on the Black Sea. 

Tula, or Totda, south of Moscow. 



EUROPE. 83 

Wilna, on a branch of the Niemen. 

Tver, on the Wolga, northwest of Moscow. 

Kiev) on the Dnieper, above Cherson. 

Jaroslavl, on the Wolga, northeast of Moscow. 

Kasan or Kazan, in the east, on the Wolga. 

Astrachan, on an island in the Wolga, near its 
mouth. 

Orenburg, on the Aral. 

Warsaw, capital of what is still called the king- 
dom of Poland, on the Vistula. 

Cracow, a free city, on the Vistula, at the south- 
west point of Poland. 

Note. A free city is not subject to any other govern- 
ment than that of the city. It is generally surrounded 
by a few villages that depend upon it. 

In the Empire of Austria. Vienna, the capital 
of the empire, on the Danube. 

Lintz, west of Vienna, on the Danube. 

Prague, the capital of the kingdom of Bohemia, 
in the northwest. 

Lemburg, capital of the kingdom of Galicia, in 
the northeast. 

Buda, the capital of the kingdom of Hungary, 
on the Danube. 

Pest, on the Danube, opposite Buda. 

Trent, in Tyrol, on the Adige. 

Gratz, capital of Stiria, on a branch of the Drave. 

Milan, the capital of Lombardy, between two 
branches of the Po. 

Venice, in the same kingdom, on the Gulf of 
Venice. 

Verona, on the Adige. 

Padua, east of Verona. 

Mantua, on the Mincio, a branch of the Po. 

Trieste, in the kingdom of Illyria, the chief Aus- 
trian seaport, on the Gulf of Venice. 



84 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

In East Prussia. Berlin, the capital, on a 
branch of the Elbe, 

Potsdam, west of Berlin, on the same river. 

Konigsburg, the old capital, on the Pregel. 

Magdeburg, the capital of Saxony, on the Elbe. 

Dantzic, near the mouth of the Vistula. 

Breslau, in the south, on the Oder. 

In West Prussia. Cologne, on the Rhine. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, west of Cologne. 

Coblentz, a strong city at the confluence of the 
Rhine and Moselle. 

In the Kingdom of Hanover,. Hanover, the cap- 
ital, on one of the sources of the Weser. 

Gottingen, south of Hanover, famous for its uni- 
versity. 

In the Kingdom of Saxony. Dresden, the capi- 
tal, on the Elbe. 

Leipsic, northwest of Dresden, on a branch of 
the Elbe, famous for its fairs. 

In the Kingdom of Bavaria. Munich, the capi- 
tal, on the Iser, a branch of the Danube. 

Ratisbon, on the Danube. 

Augsburg, on the Lech, a branch of the Danube. 

In the Kingdom of Wurtemburg. Stuttgard, on 
the Neckar, a branch of the Rhine. 

Free Cities or Republics not subject to any of the 
German States, though surrounded by them. 

Hamburg, on the Elbe, near the North Sea'. 
Lxibec, on the Trave, near the Baltic. 

Note. A Canal connects Lubec with Hamburg, and 
of course the North Sea with the Baltic. 

Bremen, on the Weser. 

Frankfort, on the Mayne, a branch of the 
Rhine. 

Note. The German Diet or Congress meets in this 
«ity. 



EUROPE. 85 

In Denmark. Copenhagen, the capital of Den- 
mark, on the island of Zealand. 

Altona, a seaport, near the mouth of the Elbe. 

Elsinore, in the north of Zealand, at the nar- 
rowest part of the Sound. 

Kiel, a seaport on the Baltic, where a canal con- 
nects the North Sea and Baltic. 

In Holland. Hague, the capital, northeast of 
the mouth of the Rhine. 

Amsterdam, the largest city, on the Zuyder 
Zee. 

Rotterdam, on the Meuse. 

Ley den, between the Hague and Amsterdam, 
whence the Pilgrim Fathers came to Plymouth. 
Utrecht, on a branch of the Rhine. 

In Belgium, (once called Flanders.) Brussels, 
the capital, on a branch of the Scheldt. 

Antwerp, north of Brussels, on the Scheldt. 

Liege, on the Meuse. 

Ghent, on the Scheldt. 

Bruges and Ostend, northwest of Ghent. 

Waterloo, a village near Brussels, famous for 
Napoleon's defeat. 

In France. Paris, the capital, on the Seine. 

Bordeaux, on the Garonne, at the southwest. 

Lyons, where the Saone joins the Rhone. 

Rouen, north of Paris, on the Seine. 

Havre, or Havre de Grace, the seaport of Paris, 
at the mouth of the Seine. 

Nantes, in the west, on the Loire. 

Lille, on a branch of the Scheldt, northeast of 
Paris. 

Amiens, north of Paris, on the Somme. 

Versailles, west of Paris, and near it, a royal 
residence. 

Strasburg, on the Rhine, in the east. 

Orleans, southwest of Paris, on the Loire. 
8 



86 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

La Rochelle and Rochefort, in the west. 
Toulouse, on the Garonne. 

Note. At Toulouse, the Languedoc Canal connects 
the Garonne with the Mediterranean. 

Montpelier, at the south, near the Gulf of Ly- 
ons. 

Avignon, on the Rhone. 

Marseilles, on the Mediterranean. 

Brest, Cherburg, and & Orient, naval stations, 
in the north and northwest. 

Toulon, a naval station, on the Mediterranean. 

In Spain. Madrid, the capital, in the interior, 
on a branch of the Tagus. 

Cadiz, the chief seaport, at the southwest. 

Toledo, on the Tagus, southwest of Madrid. 

Saragossa, on the Ebro, in the northeast. 

Bilboa and Corunna, on the Bay of Biscay. 

Seville, on the Guadalquivir. 

Gibraltar, an English Fort, which gives name 
to the Strait. 

Malaga, a seaport, east of Gibraltar. 

Barcelona, a seaport in the northeast. 

Valencia, Murcia, and Carthagena, in the east. 

Grenada, in the south, on a branch of the Gua- 
dalquivir. 

Cordova, on the Guadalquivir, northeast of Se- 
ville. 

Alicant, a seaport, north of Cape Palos. 

Salamanca, in the west, on a branch of the 
Duero, famous for its university. 

Badajos, on the Guadiana, near Portugal. 

In Portugal. Lisbon, the capital, on the Ta- 
gus. 

Braga, in the northwest. 

Oporto, near the mouth of the Duero. 

St Ubes, on a bay south of Lisbon. 

Coimbra, north of Lisbon. 

Lagos, a seaport in the south. 



EUROPE. 87 

In Switzerland. Geneva, at the west end of 
Lake Geneva or Leman, on the Rhone. 

Bale, Basle, or Basil, on the Rhine. 

Berne, on the Aar, a branch of the Rhine. 

Zurich, northeast of Berne, on Lake Zurich. 

Lausanne, on the north bank of Lake Geneva. 

Altorff, made interesting by Wm. Tell, is on 
the Reuss, which unites with the Aar. 

In the Kingdom of Sardinia. Turin, the capital, 
on the Po. 

Gen'oa, on the Gulf of Gen'oa. 
Alexandria, on a branch of the Po. 
Nice, on the sea, southwest of Gen'oa. 

In the Duchy of Mo'dena. Mo'dena, the capi- 
tal. 

In the Duchy of Parma. Parma, the capital, 
and Placentia. 

In the Duchy of Lucca. Lucca, the capital. 

In the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Florence, the 
capital, on the Arno. 

Leghorn, the chief seaport, west of Florence. 
Pisa, on the Arno, near the sea. 

In the States of the Church, or Popedom. 

Rome, the capital, on the Tiber. 

Bologna, and Ravenna, northeast of Florence. 

Ferrara, near the Po. 

Ancona, the chief seaport, on the Gulf of Venice. 

Civita- Vccchia, a seaport northwest of Rome. 

In the Kingdom of Naples. Naples, the capital, 
in the west. 

Pompeii and Hercidaneum, formerly buried by an 
eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, and now partly excavated, 
are between the city of Naples and Salerno. 



88 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

In Turkey in Europe. Constantinople, the cap- 
ital, near the entrance to the Black Sea. 

Adrianople, northwest of Constantinople. 

Salonica, on the Gulf of Salonica. 

Bucharest, north of the Danube, in the east, cap- 
ital of Wallachia. 

/Sophia, near Mount Hsemus, in the interior. 

Belgrade, at the junction of the Save and Dan- 
ube, and the capital of Servia. 

Serajevo, in the northwest. 

Brahilow or lbrail, on the Danube, in the east. 

Jassy, on a branch of the Pruth, in the north- 
east, capital of Moldavia. 

Shumla and Varna, at the passes of the Balkan 
Mountains. 

Silistria, on the Danube, in the east. 

Janina and Larissa, north of Greece. 

In Greece. Athens, in the southeast, near the 
Morea. 

Corinth, on the isthmus of Corinth. 

Napoli (di Romania,) a naval station, south of 
Corinth. 

Tripolitza, in the interior, southwest of Napoli. 

Patras, and Missolonghi, on opposite sides of 
the Gulf of Lepanto. 

Navarino, Modon, and Coron, seaports in the 
southwest of the Morea. 

In England. London, the capital, on the 
Thames. 

Liverpool, the chief seaport, on the Mersey, 
northwest of London. 

Bristol, a seaport, west of London, on the Bris- 
tol Channel. 

Portsmouth and Plymouth, celebrated naval sta- 
tions on the English Channel. 

Manchester, east of Liverpool, celebrated for its 
cotton manufactories. 

Birmingham, in the interior, northwest of Lon- 



EUROPE. 89 

don, celebrated for its manufactures of iron and 
other metab. 

Leeds, northeast of Liverpool, celebrated for its 
woollen manufactories. 

York, in the northeast, on the Ouse, a branch 
of the Humber. 

Sheffield, south of York, east of Liverpool, cele- 
brated for its cutlery. 

Newcastle, celebrated for its collieries, at the 
north, on the Tyne. 

Cambridge, north of London, seat of a university. 

Oxford, northwest of London, on the Thames, 
seat of a university. 

Bath, east of Bristol, a fashionable bathing place. 

Windsor, on the Thames, west of London, a 
royal residence. 

In Scotland. Edinburgh, the capital, near the 
Frith of Forth. 

Leith, the seaport of Edinburgh, on the Frith of 
Forth. 

Glasgow, a manufacturing town, on the Clyde, 
west of Edinburgh. 

Dundee, north of Edinburgh, on the Frith of Tay. 

Aberdeen, a seaport, with a university, in the 
northeast. 

Paisley, just west of Glasgow. 

Greenock, the seaport of Glasgow, at the mouth 
of the Clyde. 

Perth, north of Edinburgh, west of Dundee. 

Inverness, on Murray Frith, in the north. 

In Ireland. Dublin, the capital, in the east, on 
the LifTy. 

Cork, a seaport, in the south. 
Limerick, on the Shannon, north of Cork. 
Waterford, east of Cork. 
Belfast, in the northeast, a seaport. 
Kilkenny, southwest of Dublin. 
Londonderry, in the north. 
8* 



§0 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

In Sicily. Palermo, the capital, in the north. 

Catania, in the east, at the foot of Mount Etna. 

Messina, on the Strait of Messina, in the north- 
east. 

Syracuse, south of Catania, in the east. 

In the Island of Sardinia. Cagliari, in the 
south, the chief town. 

Sassari, in the north. 

In Corsica. Ajaccio, in the west. 
Bastia, at the north. 

In Malta. La Valette. 
In Majorca. Palma, the capital. 
In Minorca. Port Mahon, a naval station. 
In Candia. Candia, the capital, at the north. 
In Iceland. Reikiavik, the capital, in the south- 
west. 

Skalholt, near Mt. Hecla. 

Note. The Faroe Isles and Iceland, belong to Den- 
mark. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Europe. 

1. What ocean is Europe south of? 

2. Europe is west of what grand division of the 
globe? 

3. What ocean is it east of? 

4. What sea is it north of? 

5. What grand division is it north of? 

6. Where is Norway ? To what country is it 
now subject? 

7. Where is Sweden ? Lapland ? 

8. Where is Russia ? What part of it is called 
Finland ? Where is the kingdom of Poland ? To 
what Empire does it belong? 

9. Where is Denmark ? 

10. Where is Germany ? How many states form 
what is called Germany? Which are the two 



EUROPE. 91 

principal states of Germany? In what part of 
Germany is the kingdom of Hanover ? of Wurtem- 
burg % of Saxony ? of Bavaria ? 

11. Where is Prussia? What separates East 
from West Prussia ? 

12. Where is Austria? In what part of Aus- 
tria is the kingdom of Bohemia ? of Hungary ? 

13. Where is Turkey? Where is Greece? Wa- 
lachia, Moldavia, and Servia? 

1 4. Where was the kingdom of the Netherlands ? 
Into what two kingdoms is it now divided ? 

15. Where is France ? Spain? Portugal? Swit- 
zerland ? The little Republic of Andorra ? 

16. Where is Italy? Naples? 

17. Where is the kingdom of Venetian Lorn- 
bardy ? To what empire does it belong ? 

18. Where is the kingdom of Sardinia ? 

19. Where are the Pope's Dominions? 

20. Where is Tuscany ? 

. 21. Where are the duchies of Lucca, Parma, 
and Mo'dena ? The republic of St. Marino ? 

22. Where is Great Britain ? Ireland ? Scot- 
land? Wales? 

23. Where is the Peninsula of Denmark? of 
Spain ? the Morea ? the Crimea ? 

24. Where is the isthmus of Sleswick? of the 
Pyrenees ? of Corinth ? of Perecop ? 

25. Where is the Island of Great Britain ? Ire- 
land ? Isle of Man ? Anglesey ? Western Isles or 
Hebrides? the Orkneys? the Shetland Isles? Ice- 
land? the Faroe Islands? the Loffoden Isles? 
Zealand ? Funen ? Rugen ? Bornholm ? Oland 
and Gothland? Oesel? Aland? Texel? Scilly 
Isles? Isle of Wight? Jersey? Guernsey, and 
Alderney ? Re and Oleron ? Majorca, Minorca, and 
Ivica? Sardinia? Corsica? Elba? Sicily? the Li- 
pari Isles? Malta? the Ionian Isles? Candia? 
Negropont ? Metelin and Scio ? Hydra and Ip- 
sara ? 



92 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

26. Where is North Cape? the Naze? theSkaw? 
Capes Finisterre and Ortegal ? St. Vincent ? Capes 
Palos, De Gatt or Gata, and St. Martin or Nao ? 
Passaro? Spartivento? Matapan? 

27. Where are the Dofrafield Mountains ? the 
Cheviot Hills? the Auvergne and Cevennes ? the 
Pyrenees ? the Alps ? the Appenines ? Balkan or 
Hsemus ? the Carpathian Mountains ? the Ural 
Mountains ? 

28. To what range belong Mts. Blanc, Rosa, 
Great St. Bernard, St. Gothard, Cenis and Yiso ? 
Where is Mount Etna ? Mount Vesuvius ? Mount 
Hecla? Ben Nevis? Snowdon? 

29. Where is the White Sea? the Baltic? the 
Cattegat and Scager Rack? the North Sea? the 
Irish Sea ? the Mediterranean ? the Archipelago ? 
the Sea of Marmora ? the Black Sea ? the Sea of 
Azoph ? 

30. Where is the Sound ? the Great and Little 
Belt? the Strait of Dover? of Gibraltar? of Bo- 
nifacio ? of Messina ? of Otranto ? of the Darda- 
nelles ? of Constantinople ? of Kaffa or Enikale ? 
Where is the English Channel ? St. George's Chan- 
nel? Bristol Channel? 

31. Where is the Gulf of Bothnia ? of Finland ? 
of Riga ? of Lyons ? of Genoa ? of Tarento ? of 
Venice? ofLepanto? ofSalonica? 

32. Where is the Zuyder Zee ? 

33. Where is the Bay of Biscay? of Cadiz ? of 
Naples? 

34. Where are Lakes Ladoga and Onega? Wen- 
ner and Wetter ? Constance and Geneva ? Mag- 
giore, Garda and Como ? 

35. Where is the River Petchora? Dwina? 
Onega? Tornea? Dahl? Glommen? Thames? 
Severn ? Mersey ? Shannon ? Neva ? Duna ? 
Niemen? Vistula? Oder? Elbe? Weser? Rhine? 
Mayne? Moselle? Aar and Reuss? Meuse? 
Scheldt? Seine? Loire? Garonne? Rhone'? 



EUROPE. 93 

Saone? Minho? Duero? Tagus ? Guadiana? 
Guadalquivir? Ebro? Arno? Tiber? Po? Adige? 
Theiss ? Pruth ? Danube ? Iser and Inn ? Drave 
and Save ? Dneister ? Bog ? Dneiper ? Don ? 
Volga or Wolga ? Ural ? 

3b\ Where is Stockholm ? Gottenburg? Upsal? 
Carlscrona ? 

37. Where is Bergen? Drontheim? Chris- 
tiania ? 

38. Where is Copenhagen ? Altona? Elsinore? 
Kiel? 

39. Where is Amsterdam? Rotterdam? Hague? 
Leyden? Utrecht? 

40. Where is Brussels ? Antwerp ? Liege ? 
Ghent? Bruges? Waterloo? 

41. Where is Petersburg? Cronstadt? Riga? 
Archangel? Moscow? Cherson ? Sympheropol? 
Odessa? Tula? Wilna? Tver? Kiev? Jaro- 
slavl? Warsaw? Cracow? Kasan? Astrachan? 
Orenburg ? 

v 42. Where is Berlin ? Pottsdam? Magdeburg? 
Konigsberg? Dantzic ? Breslaw? Cologne? Aix- 
la-Chapelle? Coblentz? 

43. Where is Vienna ? Lintz ? Prague ? Lem- 
burg? Buda? Pest? Trent? Gratz ? Trieste? 
Mil'an? Venice? Verona? Mantua? Padua? 

44. Where is Hanover? Gottingen? — Dresden? 
Leipsic ? — Munich ? Ratisbon ? Augsburg ? — • 
Stuttgard? — Hamburg? Lubec? Bremen? Frank- 
fort? 

45. Where is Paris ? Bordeaux ? Lyons ? Rou- 
en? Havre? Nantes? Lille? Amiens? Ver- 
sailles? Strasburg? Orleans? Tours? Rochelle 
and Rochefort? Toulouse? Montpelier? Avignon? 
Marseilles? Cherburg, Brest and L' Orient ? Tou- 
lon? 

46. Where is Madrid ? Cadiz? Toledo? Sara- 
gossa? Bilboa? Seville? Gibraltar? Malaga? 
Barcelona? Valencia, Murcia and Carthagena? 



94 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Grenada? Cordova? Alicante? Corunna? Sala- 
manca ? Badajos ? 

47. Where is Lisbon? Braga? Oporto? St. 
Ubes? Coimbra? Lagos? 

48. Where is Geneva ? Bale, Basle, or Basil ? 
Berne? Zurich? Lausanne? AltorrT? 

49. Where is Turin ? Genoa? (where Columbus 
was born.) Alexandria? Nice? — Modena? — Par- 
ma and Placentia ? Lucca ? — Florence ? Leghorn ? 
Pisa ? — Rome ? Bologna and Ravenna ? Ferrara ? 
Ancona ? Civita-Yecchia ? — Naples ? 

50. Where is Constantinople ? Adrianople ? Sa- 
lonica? Bucharest? Sophia? Belgrade? Seraje- 
vo ? Brahilow or Ibrail ? Jassy ? Silistria ? Jani- 
na and Larissa ? Athens ? Corinth ? Napoli ? Tri- 
politza? Missolonghi and Patras? Navarin, Mo- 
don and Coron? 

51. Where is London? Liverpool? Bristol? 
Portsmouth and Plymouth? Manchester? Bir- 
mingham? Leeds? York? Sheffield? Newcastle? 
Cambridge? Oxford? Bath? Windsor 1 

52. Where is Edinburgh? Leith ? Glasgow? 
Dundee? Aberdeen? Paisley? Greenock? Perth? 
Inverness ? 

53. Where is Dublin ? Cork? Limerick? Wa- 
terford? Belfast? Kilkenny? Londonderry? 

54. Where is Palermo? Catania? Syracuse? 
Messina ? 

55. Where is Cagliari? Sassari ? — Ajaccio? Bas- 
tia?— La Valette?— Palma? Port Mahon?— Can- 
dia?— Reikiavik? Skalholt? 



ASIA. 95 



Questions on the Map of Asia. 

1. What ocean bounds Asia on the north? on 
the east ? on the south ? 

2. How is it bounded west ? 

Note. Require first all the natural boundaries, such 
as seas, mountains, and rivers, and then the countries on 
the other side of the natural boundaries. The teacher 
should always do this in regard to all countries and 
states. The map will suggest questions like the three 
following. 

3. What does the Red Sea separate Asia from? 

4. What does the Archipelago separate it from ? 

5. What does the Black Sea separate it from? 

6. What country extends across the north of 
Asia, and is separated from Tartary by the Al- 
taian chain of Mountains ? 

Note. Siberia belongs chiefly to Russia in Europe. 

7. What country south of Siberia ? 

8. What is the eastern part of Tartary called? 
what is the western part called ? 

Note. Tartary is the general name for the central 
part of Asia, of which but little is known to us. Nearly 
all that part of it which lies east of the Belur-Tag moun- 
tains belongs to the Empire of China. In this division 
are included Thibet, northeast of Hindostan ; Little Thi- 
bet, northwest of Great Thibet ; Little Bukharia, north 
of Little Thibet ; Sungaria, north of Little Bukharia, 
inhabited by the Kalmucks ; Mantchooria, the country 
of the Mantchoo Tartars in the east, at the north of Co- 
rea ; Mongolia, the country of the Mongol Tartars in 
the centre, west of Mantchooria ; Songaria, the country 
of the Kalmucks, west of Mongolia, and the immense 
Desert of Cobi or Shamo. 

That part of Tartary west of Belur-Tag mountains is 
called Independent Tartary, or Turkestan. The north 



96 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

em part of this division is a desert country, inhabited by 
tribes of Kirguis ; the western part is inhabited by the 
Turcomans ; the south and southeastern part is called 
Great Bukharia ; and in the interior are Khiva and 
some other small states. 

9. In what part of Chinese Tartary is Thibet ? 
Little Thibet ? Little Bukharia, the country of the 
Mantchoos ? of the Mongols ? of the Kalmucks ? 
the Desert of Gobi or Shamo? 

10. In what part of Independent Tartary is 
Great Bukharia? Khieva? The country of the 
Turcomans ? of the Kirguis ? 

11. What country borders on the Red Sea? 

12. What country lies north of Arabia and south 
of the Black Sea? 

Note. That part of Turkey between the Black Sea 
and the Mediterranean is usually called Asia Minor, or 
Anatolia. Armenia, once a kingdom, is in the north- 
east. Palestine or the Holy Land lies on the Levant, 1 * 
north of Arabia, in what is called Syria. Georgia and 
Circassia, between the Black and Caspian Seas, belong 
to Russia by conquest. 

13. What two Russian provinces between the 
Black Sea and the Caspian? 

14. What country lies southeast of Turkey? 

Note. The country between Persia and Hindostan is 
but little known. The southern part is called Beloochis- 
tan, or the country of the Belooches, many tribes united 
under the chief of Kelat. 

North of Beloochistan is Afghanistan, or the country 
of the Afghans, divided into the two kingdoms of Herat 
and Cabul. Cabul is protected by the British. East 
of Cabul is the kingdom of Lahore which includes Cash- 
mere. East of Beloochistan is the independent state of 
Sinde or Sindy. 

* The eastern end of the Mediterranean is called the Ltvant. 



ASIA. 97 

15. What two countries lie east of Persia 7 
Which of them is on the seaeoast ? 

16. What two kingdoms are in Afghanistan? 

17. What kingdom east of Cabul ? 

18. What state east of Beloochistan ? 

19. What country between the Sea of Arabia 
and the Bay of Bengal ? 

Note. The same perverted notions of right which led 
the governments of Europe to claim and hold the coun- 
tries discovered by their subjects in America, led also to 
the seizure of such countries and islands in Asia as were 
unable to repel their invaders. Hindostan consists of a 
great many small states, most of which are subject to 
Great Britain, or native princes under her protection. 
The French, Dutch, Portuguese, and Danish have each 
a few trading stations on the coast, but these are mostly 
single towns. 

20. To what kingdom of Europe does Hindos- 
tan principally belong? 

Note. The Burman Empire is separated from the 
kingdom of Siam, which lies east of it, by a range of 
mountains. East of Siam is the Empire of Anam, 
which has five principal divisions, viz., Tonkin in the 
northeast, Cochin China, south of Tonkin, Laos, west, of 
Tonkin, Cambodia, south of Laos, and Tsiampa, south of 
Cambodia. Malaya is independent, and divided among 
several petty princes. The English East India Com- 
pany have lately compelled the Burman Emperor to 
cede to them a province in the northwest, called Aracan, 
and a large province west of Siam, and north of Malaya, 
called Tanasserim. 

21. .What province lies north of Malaya? 

22. What empire east of the Bay of Bengal? 

23. What kingdom is partly separated from the 
Burman Empire by a British province ? 

24. What empire lies east of Siam ? 

25. What country lies north of the Empires of 
Anam and Burmah ? 

9 



98 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

26. What peninsular country southeast of Chi- 
nese Tartary? 

Note. The Chinese Empire includes China Proper, *| 
Chinese Tartary, and Corea. 

27. What empire do the islands east of Corea 
and Chinese Tartary form? 

Peninsulas. 

28. The most southern country of Asia is a 
peninsula, what is it called? 

29. What peninsula northeast of China ? 

30. What peninsula in the northeast of Siberia? 

31. What country forms a peninsula between 
the Red Sea and Persian Gulf? 

Isthmuses. 

32 What isthmus connects Asia with Africa? 
33. What isthmus connects Malaya with the 
main land ? 

Islands. 



34. What large island north of the boundary 
between Europe and Asia ? 

35. What largest island in the Levant, south of 
Asia Minor? 

36. What considerable island at the southwest 
point of Asia Minor ? 

37. What two clusters of islands off the south- j 
west coast of Hindostan ? 

38. What large island southeast of Hindostan? 

Note. This is claimed by England. 

39. What two clusters west of the Burman Em- 
pire, in the Bay of Bengal? 

40. What large island south of the Peninsula of 
Malaya ? 

41. What large island southeast of Sumatra ? 



ASIA. 99 

42. What smaller island, east of Palembang, in 
Sumatra ? 

43. Which are the three largest islands of the 
cluster southeast of Java? 

44. What large island is east of Malaya and 
Sumatra ? 

45. What cluster northeast of Borneo? 

46. What are the three largest of the Philippines 
called? • 

47. What large, irregular island east of Borneo ? 

48. What cluster east of Celebes ? 

49. What are some of their names? 

A. Gilolo, Ceram, Booroo, Amboyna, Banda. 

Note. Borneo is governed by several native sove- 
reigns, but the Dutch have one settlement on it. Suma- 
tra is claimed by the English, and Java and Banca by 
the Dutch. 

The Philippines belong to Spain. Celebes has sev- 
eral Dutch forts on it, which control the native sove- 
reigns. The Moluccas or Spice Islands belong to the 
Dutch. Borneo and Celebes, with the Sunda Isles, 
Philippines, and Spice Islands form what are called the 
East India Islands. 

50. What Chinese island east of the Gulf of 
Tonkin ? 

51. What island southeast of China, north of 
Luzon ? 

52. What cluster form an empire east of Chi- 
nese Tartary and Corea ? 

53. What is the largest of the Japan Islands 
called ? What the next, north of Niphon ? What 
the next in size, south of Niphon ? 

54. What cluster of islands south of Kiusiu ? 

55. What large independent island north of the 
Japan Isles ? 

Note. It is not certain that there is a passage be- 
tween Saghalien and Tartary. No navigator has yet 
passed between them. 



100 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

56. What chain of islands extends from Jesso 
to the peninsula of Kamtschatka ? 

57. What islands extend from the peninsula of 
Kamtschatka in Asia, to the peninsula of Alaska in 
America } (See Maps of the World.) 

Capes, 

58. What cape northeast of Siberia, (making 
one side of Bhering's Strait ?) 

59. What most northern cape of Siberia? 

60. What cape south of Hindostan ? 

61. What cape south of Kamtschatka? 

Mountains. 

62. What mountains between the north of Asia 
and Europe? 

63. What range of mountains between Siberia 
and Tartary ? 

64. What mountains, between the Black and 
Caspian Seas, separate Georgia from Circassia? 

65. What mountains between Chinese and In- 
dependent Tartary ? 

66. The highest mountains in the world are 
between Hindostan and Thibet. What are they 
called ? 

67. What mountains extend across the north of 
Turkey in Asia ? 

68. What mountains in the south of Hindos- 
tan? 

69. What mountain in the northwest of Ara- 
bia? 

Deserts. 

70. What desert in Chinese Tartary? 

71. What country of Asia is nearly all a sandy 
desert ? 



ASIA. 101 

Seas. 

72. What sea between Arabia and Hindostan ? 

Note. This is more properly a gulf. 

73. What sea south of Asia Minor or Anatolia? 

74. What sea north of Turkey in Asia? 

75. What sea west of Anatolia? 

76. What sea between the Black Sea and the 
Archipelago? 

77. What sea between Arabia and Africa ? 

78. What sea north of Persia? 

79. What sea east of the Caspian, in Tartary ? 

Note. The Caspian and Aral Seas are more properly 
Lakes, as they have no communication with the ocean, 
though their water is saltish. 

80. What sea south of China, and east of Ton- 
kin, &c? 

81. What sea between China and the Loo Choo 
Islands ? What sea between China and Corea ? 

82. What sea between Kamtschatka and Sibe- 
ria? 

83. What sea between the Fox Islands and the 
Strait of Bhering, between Asia and America? 
What sea in the northeast of Kamtschatka? 

Gulfs and Bays. 

84. What two gulfs in the northwest of Sibe- 
ria? 

85. What gulf between Persia and Arabia ? 

86. What small gulf west of Hindostan? 

87. What gulf south of the Burman Empire? 

88. What gulf south of Siam? 

89. What gulf east of Tonkin ? 

90. What sea or gulf east of Tartary and Co- 
rea? 

91. What bay between Hindostan and the Bur- 
man Empire? 

9* 



102 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Straits. 

92. What strait at the entrance of the Red 
Sea? 

93. What strait at the entrance of the Persian 
Gulf? 

94. What strait between the peninsula of Ma- 
laya and the Island of Sumatra ? 

95. What strait between Sumatra and Java? 

96. What strait between Borneo and Celebes ? 

97. What strait between Corea and the Japan 
Isles? 

98. What strait or channel between Tartary 
and Saghalien Island ? 

Lakes. 

99. What lake in the southeast of Siberia, north 
of Mongolia ? 

100. What lake in the southwest of Siberia, be- 
tween the Irtish and Obi ? 

101. What lake in that part of the Kalmuck 
country which is called Songaria ? What lake in 
Thibet? 

Rive?s. 

102. What two rivers rise in the northeast of 
Turkey, run southeast, and empty by one mouth 
into the Persian Gulf? 

103. What river rises in Little Thibet, and runs 
south through Sindy, into the Sea of Arabia? 

104. What river of Hindostan runs west and 
falls into the Gulf of Cambay ? 

105. What are the two largest rivers that rise 
in the Gaut Mountains, and running east through 
Hindostan, empty into the Bay of Bengal ? 

106. What river rises in the Himmaleh Moun- 
tains, and crossing the north of Hindostan, emp- 
tier by many mouths into the Bay of Bengal ? 



ASIA. 103 

107. What river rises in Thibet, and falls into 
the Bay of Bengal, near the mouth of the Ganges ? 

108. What river rises in Thibet, and running 
through the Burman Empire, falls into the Gulf 
of Martaban, by several mouths ? 

109. What river probably rises in Thibet, and 
runs through the middle of Siam into the Gulf of 
Siam? 

110. What river between the Meinam and 
Irawaddy, empties into the Gulf of Martaban ? 

111. What river rises north of Siam, and runs 
southeast through the empire of Anam, into the 
Chinese Sea? 

112. What river rises in China, and runs south- 
east through Tonkin into the Gulf of Tonkin 1 

113. What river rises in the southwest of China 
Proper, and runs east into a bay near Canton ? 

114. What river rises in Thibet, and runs east 
through the centre of China into the Blue Sea? 

115. What river rises in Thibet, runs through 
the south of Tartary, crosses the Chinese wall, 
and empties into the Blue Sea ? 

116. What river rises in the Altaian or Yablo- 
noy Mountains, runs through Mantchooria, and 
then northeast, into an arm of the Sea of Okotsk ? 

117. What river rises in the same part of the 
Altaian Chain, near Lake Baikal, and runs into 
the Arctic Ocean, east of Cape Taymour ? 

118. What river rises west of Lake Baikal and 
runs into the Northern Ocean, west of Cape Tay- 
mour ? What two principal branches empty into 
it on the east ? 

119. What river rises west of the Yenisei, in 
the Altaian Chain, and runs into the Gulf of Obi? 
What three considerable branches run into it on 
the west ? 

120. What river rises in Afghanistan and 
Bukharia, and runs northwest into the Aral Sea ? 



104 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Cities and Towns. 

In Siberia. Tobolsk, in the west, where the I 
Irtish joins the Tobol. 

Tomsk, on the Tom, east of Tobolsk. 

Irkutsk, on a branch of the Yenisei, west of 
Lake Baikal. 

Yakutsk, on the Lena. 

Kiakta, south of Lake Baikal, on the borders of 
Chinese Tartary. 

Okotsk, cm the Sea of Okotsk. 

Avatska, or St. Peter -and- St. Paul, on the east 
side of Kamtschatka. 

In Georgia. Teflis. 

In Turkey in Asia. Aleppo, east of the north- 
east corner of the Levant. 

Damascus, south of Aleppo. 

Jerusalem, south of Damascus. 

Tripoli, Tyre and Acre, seaports on the Levant. 

Smyrna, the chief commercial port, on a bay of 
the Archipelago. 

Erzerum, near the source of the Euphrates, in 
Armenia. 

Bagdad, on the Tigris, near the ruins of Baby- 
lon. 

Brusa or Bursa, south of the £>ea of Marmora, 
and northeast of Smyrna. 

Tocat, south of the Black Sea, west of Erze- 
rum. 

Mosul, on the Tigris, northwest of Bagdad. 

Diarbekir, on the Tigris, near its source. 

Bassoj^a, between the Gulf of Persia and the 
place where the Tigris and Euphrates join to form 
the Shat-el-Arab. 

Trebizond, a seaport on the Black Sea. 

In Persia. Teheran, the present capital, south 
of the Caspian Sea. 



ASIA. 105 

Ispahan, the former capital, south of Teheran. 
Shiraz, south of Ispahan. 
Tauris, in the northwest. 

In Arabia. Mecca, near the Red Sea, in the 
west, the birth-place of Mahomet. 

Medina, northwest of Mecca. 

Moka, near the Strait of Babelmandel. 

Sana, the principal city, northeast of Moka. 

Jedda, the seaport of Mecca. 

Muscat, a seaport on the Gulf of Ormus. 

Lahsa, in the east, on the Aftan, the only con- 
siderable river of Arabia. 

In Beloochistan. Kelat, the capital, in the in- 
terior. 

In Afghanistan. Cabul, in the north, capital 
of the kingdom of Cabul. 

Candahar, south of Cabul. 

Herat, west of Cabul, capital of the kingdom of 
Herat 

In Independent Tartary. Bukharia and Sa- 
marcand, in the south ; Kkiva, in the interior. 

In Hindostan. 

In the Presidency of Bengal. Calcutta, the 
capita] of all the British possessions in India, on 
the Hoogly, a branch of the Ganges. 

Moorsliedabad, north of Calcutta, on the Gan- 
ges. 

Patna, on the Ganges, northwest of Calcutta. 

Benares, on the Ganges, -west of Patna. 

Agra, on the Ganges, northwest of Benares. 

Delhi, on the Ganges, northwest of Agra. 

In the Presidency of Madras. Madras, a sea- 
port in the southeast. 

In the Presidency of Bombay. Bombay, on an 
island in the west. 



106 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Surat, on the Taptee, near the Gulf of Cam- 
bay. 

Poonah, southeast of Bombay. 

In States dependent on the British. Lucknow, 
on the Ganges, northwest of Benares. 

Hyderabad, between the Krishna and Godavery, 
near which are the diamond mines of Golconda. 

Seringapatam, west of Madras, on the Cavery. 
• In allied Independent States. Lahore, Cash- 
mere and Amretsir, in the north, in the kingdom 
of Lahore. _ 

Oojain, on a branch of the Nerbudda. 

Tatta and Hyderabad, on the Indus, in the Dis- 
trict of Sindy. 

In Districts not belonging to Great Britain. 

Goa, capital of the Portuguese settlements in 
India, on an island, south of Bombay. 

Pondicherry, capital of the French settlements; 
§outh of Madras. 

Tranquebar, capital of the Danish possessions, 
at the mouth of the Cavery. 

Serampore, a Danish town, north of Calcutta. 

Chinsura, capital of the Dutch possessions, 
north of Calcutta and Serampore. 



In the Burman Empire. Ummerapoora, the old 
capital, on^a branch of the Irawaddy. 

Ava, the present capital, south of Ummerapoora, 
on the same river. 

Prome, on the Irawaddy. 

Rangoon and Martaban, on the Bay of Marta- 
ban. 

Pegu, north of Rangoon. 

In Tennasserim. Amherst, at the mouth of the 
Salwen. 

In the Kingdom of Siam. Bankok, the capital, 
on the Meinam. 



ASIA. 107 

In Malaya. Malacca and Singapore, at the 
south. 

In the Empire of Anam. Kesho, in Tonkin, on 
the Songkoi. 

Hue, in Cochin-China. 
Saigon, in Cambodia, 

In the Chinese Empire. 

In China Proper. Pekin, the capital, in the 
northeast, near the wall. 

Tientsin, south of Pekin. 

Nankin, on the Yang-tse-Kiang, in the east 

Hangtcheon, south of Nankin. 

Canton, the chief seaport, at the south, on a 
sort of hay called Bocca Tigris. 

Macao, a Portuguese island and town at the 
mouth of the Bocca Tigris. 

In Thibet. Lassa, on a branch of the Brahma- 
prootra. 

In Little Btjcharia. Kashgar and Yarkand^ 
east of Belur Tag, or Cloudy Mountains. 

In Corea. King-ki-tao, the capital, on a river 
which empties into the Yellow Sea. 



In the Empire of Japan. Jedo, the capital, on 
the island of Niphon. 

Meaco, south of Jedo, on the same island. 
Nangasaki, in Kiusiu. 

In Ceylon. Columbo and Trincomaly. 
In Sumatra. Bencoolen, an English town. 
In Java. Batavia and Cherihon. 
In Borneo. Borneo and Benjarmassin. 
In Celebes. Macassar, at the south. 
In Luzon. Manilla, at the south. 



108 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Revised Questions on the Map of Asia. 

1. What ocean is Asia south of? west of ? north 
of? 

2. What mountains and rivers separate Asia 
from the north of Europe ? 

3. What river then forms the boundary line as 
far south as the Caspian Sea? 

4 Between what countries is the Sea of Azoph ? 
Black Sea? Archipelago? Sea of Marmora? 
Levant ? Red Sea ? 

5. Where is Siberia ? What European govern- 
ment is it chiefly subject to ? 

6. Where is Tartary ? Where is Chinese Tar- 
tary? Independent Tartary? Mantchooria? 
Mongolia? Songaria? Thibet? Little Thibet ? 
Little Bakharia ? 

7. Where is Great Bukharia? Turkestan? 
Khiva ? 

8. Where is Arabia? Turkey in Asia? Asia 
Minor or Anatolia ? Armenia? Georgia and Cir- 
cassia ? Palestine ? Syria ? Persia ? 

Beloochistan ? Afghanistan? Herat? Cabul ? 
Lahore? Sindy? Hindostan? Burman Empire? 
Kingdom of Siam ? Empire of Anam ? Tonkin ? 
Cochin China ? Laos ? Cambodia ? Tsiampa ? 
Malaya? 

China Proper? Corea? Empire of Japan? 
What countries form the Chinese Empire ? 



9. Where is the Peninsula of Malaya ? Corea ? 
Kamtschatka? Arabia? 



10. Where is the Isthmus of Suez ? Of Kraw ? 



11. Where is East Cape? Cape Lopatka? 
Taymour ? Comorin ? 



12. Where are the Ural Mountains ? Altaian ? 



ASIA. 109 

Caucasian ? Belur Tag 1 Himmaleh 1 Taurus ? 
Gaut? Sinai? 



13. Where is the Desert of Cobi ? 



14. Where is the Island of Nova Zembla? 
Cyprus? Rhodes? Laccadives and Maldives? 
Ceylon? Andaman and Nicobar? Sumatra? 
Java? Timor, Sumbava and Flores? Banca? 
What Islands are called the Simda Isles ? 

15. Where is the island of Borneo? Luzon? 
Mindanao ? Palawan ? Celebes ? 

16. To what cluster -do Luzon. Mindanao and 
Palawan belong? Where are the Spice Islands? 

To what European nation do the Philippine Islands 
belong? 

What European nation has settlements or forts on 
Borneo and Celebes ? 

To what European nation do the Moluccas or Spice 
Islands belong ? 

What European nation claims Java and Banca? 
What Sumatra and Ceylon ? 

17. What islands and clusters form what are 
called the East India Islands ? 

18. Where is Hainan? Formosa? Loo Choo 
Islands? Niphon? Jesso? Kiusiu? Saghalien? 
To what cluster do Niphon, Jesso, and Kiusiu 
belong ? 

19. Where are the Fox Islands? Where are 
the Kurile Islands ? 



20. Where is the Caspian Sea ? Aral Sea or 
Lake? China Sea ? Blue? Yellow? Okotsk? 
Bhering's Sea ? Sea of Anadir? 



21. Where is the Gulf of Obi? Kara? Per- 
sian? Cambay? Martaban? Siam? Tonkin? 
10 



110 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Corea 1 Bay or Gulf of Bengal 7 Sea or Gulf of 

Arabia ? 



22. Where is the Strait of Bhering 7 Babelman- 
del? Ormus? Malacca? Sunda? Macassar? Co- 
rea ? Bass ? Channel of Tartary ? 



23. Where is Lake Baikal? Tchany? Pal- 
kati? 

24. Where is the River Euphrates? Tigris? 
Indus? Nerbudda? Krishna and Godavery? 
Ganges? Brahmapootra or Burrampooter ? Ira- 
waddy ? Sal wen ? Meinham ? Mecon or Cambo- 
dia? Songkoi 7 Hoankiang? Yang-tse-kiang? Ho- 
an-Ho ? Saghalien or Amour ? Lena ? Yenisei ? 
Obi? Irtish, Tobol and Tom? Ural? Jihon? 
Upper and Lower Tungooska? 



25. Where is Tobolsk? Tomsk? Irkutsk? Ya- 
kutsk? Kiakta? Okotsk? Avatska or St. Peter- 
and-St Paul? Teflis? 

26. Where is Aleppo ? Damascus? Jerusalem? 
Smyrna? Erzerum? Bagdad? Bursa or Brusa? 
Tocat? Mosul? Diarbekir? Bassora? Trebizond? 
Tripoli, Tyre and Acre? 

27. Where is Teheran? Ispahan? Shiraz? Tau- 
ris? 

28. Where is Mecca? Moka? Sana? Jedda? 
Muscat? Lahsa? 

29. Where is Kelat? 

30. Where is Cabul ? Candahar ? Herat ? 

31. Where is Bukharia ? Samarcand? Khiva? 

32. Where is Calcutta? Patna? Benares? 
Lucknow? Delhi? Madras? Dacca? Agra? Oo- 
iain? Surat? Hydrabad? Poonah? Seringapa- 
tam? Moorshedabad ? Bombay? Goa? Pondi- 



AUSTRALASIA AND POLYNESIA. Ill 

cherry 1 Tranquebar 7 Chinsura 1 — Tatta and Hy- 
derabad? Lahore and Cashmere ? 

33. Where is Ummerapoora 7 Ava 7 Prome 7 
Rangoon and Martaban ? Pegu 7 

34. Where is Bankok ? Where is Kesho 7 Hue! 
Malacca and Singapore 7 

35. Where is Pekin? Teentsin? Nankin 7 
Canton? Macao? 

36. Where is Lassa ? Kashgar and Yarkand 7 
Hangtcheou 7 King-ki-tao ? 

37. Where is Jedo 7 Meaco 7 Nangasaki 7 

38. Where the town of Columbo ? Trincomaly? 
— Bencoolen 7 — Batavia ? Cheribon ? — Benjarmas- 
sin and Borneo ? — Macassar ? — Manilla ? 

Australasia and Polynesia. 

[The questions relating to Australasia and Polynesia 
are best answered on the Map of the Northern and South- 
ern, or that of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres 
prepared for this Geography,] 

Australasia. 

1. Which is the largest island of Australasia 
and the largest in the world alsol 

Note. Before the Independence of these United 
States, the British Government, instead of executing all 
their criminals who had been convicted of capital crimes, 
exported some of them to this country, to our great an- 
noyance. But when they could no longer do this, the 
criminals were sent to New Holland, and formed the 
basis of a new colony, to which additions are annually 
made. A new settlement was begun at Swan River, in 
the southwest, in 1829, and a colony of convicts has 
lately been established at Norfolk Island, 1000 miles 
northeast of Botany Bay. 

2. What is the eastern half of Australia or New 
Holland called 7 



112 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

3. What large island north of New Holland'? 

4. What three large islands east of Papua or 
New Guinea ? 

Note. Louisiade, once supposed to be a part of New 
Guinea, is now ascertained to be an island, or perhaps a 
cluster of islands. 

5. What cluster east of N. Britain, N. Ireland 
and Louisiade ? 

6. What cluster southeast of Solomon's? A. 
New Hebrides. 

7. What large island southwest of New Hebri- 
des, on the Tropic ? 

8. What island between New Caledonia and 
New Zealand ? 

9. What island at the southeast of New Hol- 
land? 

10. What common name is given to two large 
islands which lie east of Yan Diemen's Land? 

Polynesia. 

Note. In going east or west, on the maps of the Hem- 
ispheres, the pupil must follow the parallels of latitude, 
curving as they do. So, in going north or south, he 
must follow the meridians that curve from pole to pole. 
The pupil should be shown a Globe, by which the cur- 
vature of the maps may be explained. 

11. What is the general name of all the islands 
and clusters that lie east and northeast of Austral- 
asia and the East Indies ? 

12. What small cluster of islands east of Min- 
danao ? 

13. What cluster east of Luzon? 

14. What extensive cluster east of the Pelews? 

15. What cluster east of the Carolines? 

16. What large cluster northeast of the Mul- 
graves and near the Tropic of Cancer ? 

17. What is the largest of this cluster called? 



AUSTRALASIA AND POLYNESIA.. 113 

18. What cluster lies east of the New Hebrides ? 

19. What cluster east of the Fejees ? What is 
the largest of them called ? 

20. What cluster northeast of the Friendly Isles ? 

21. What cluster east of the Friendly Isles ? 
What is the largest of them called ? What small 
but interesting island at the southeast of the cluster ? 

22. What cluster northeast of the Society Isles? 

23. What island south of the Tropic of Capri- 
corn, at the outskirts of Polynesia ? 

24. What seven clusters of islands between the 
Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, as you pro- 
ceed east from New Guinea and New Holland? 

A. Solomons, New Hebrides, Fejee, Friendly, 
Navigators' ', Society's, and Marquesas. 

25. What five clusters between the Equator 
and the Tropic of Cancer, as you proceed east of 
the Philippines? 

A. Ladrones, Peleios, Carolines, Midgraves and 
Sandioich Isles. 

26. What gulf in the north of New Holland? 

27. What strait separates New Holland from 
Papua ? 

28. What strait between New Holland and Yan 
Diemen's Land ? 

29. What strait separates New Zealand ? 

30. What sea southeast of Papua and northeast 
of New Holland? 

31. What river, west of the Blue Mountains of 
New South Wales, runs south into the ocean ? A. 
Murray River. 

Towns. 
In New Holland. Botany Bay, Port Jackson 
and Sydney, near each other, at the southeast. 
Hobarfs Town, on Van Diemen's Land. 
Swan River Settlement, in the southwest of N. 
Holland. 

10* 



114 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Revei^sed Questions on Australasia and Polynesia. 
[To be answered on the Maps of the World.] 

1. How is Australasia situated in regard to 
Asia 1 

2. Where is Papua or New Guinea situated % 

3. Where is New South Wales? 

4. Where are New Ireland, New Britain and 
the Louisiade group? 

5. Where are Solomon's Isles? New Hebrides? 

6. Where is New Caledonia? Where Norfolk 
Island? 

7. Where is Yan Diemen's Land? New Zea- 
land? 



8. Where is Polynesia? 

9. Where are the Pelews ? Ladrones ? Caro- 
lines ? Mulgraves? Sandwich Isles? Where is 
Hawa'i ? 

10. Where are the Fejees? Friendly Isles? 
Where is Tongataboo ? Navigators' Isles ? Socie- 
ty Isles? Tahiti or Otaheite ? Marquesas? 

11. Where is Pitcairn's Island? Easter Island ? 



12. Where is the Gulf of Carpentaria ? 

13. Where is Torres Strait? Bass's Strait? 
Cook's Strait ? 

14. Where is the Coral Sea ? Murray River ? 



15. Where are Sydney, Port Jackson and Bot- 
any Bay ? Hobart's Town ? Swan River Settle- 
ment ? 



AFRICA. 115 



Questions on the Map of Africa. 

1. What sea bounds Africa on the north t 

2. What sea and ocean on the east ? 

3. What ocean on the west? 

4. What grand division of the world lies north 
of Africa ? 

5. What grand division lies northeast of Af- 
rica ? 

Countries. 

6. What Colony is at the southern extremity of 
Africa? 

Note. The Colony of the Cape consists chiefly of 
Dutch families, it having belonged to Holland before it 
was ceded to England. 

7. What nation inhabits the country north of 
Cape Colony? 

8. What country lies northeast of Cape Colony 
and east of the Hottentot country ? 

Note. The exact division line between CafFraria and 
the Hottentot country is not known. 

Northeast of CafFraria lies the coast of Mozambique, 
which includes several small states but little known, and 
nominally under the control of Portugal, which has 
forts or garrisons at Inhambane, Sofala, Sabia, Mozam- 
bique, and Querimbe, and controls the trade of the 
natives. 

On the coast of Zariguebar are the towns or forts of 
Quiloa, Mombas, Melinda, and Magadoxa, which con- 
trol the adjacent country, and are mostly subject to the 
Imaum of Muscat, a powerful prince of Arabia. 

9. What coast lies northeast of CafFraria ? 

10. What forts or towns control the natives? 



116 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

11. To what European nation is the coast of 
Mozambique subjected ? 

12. What is the coast north of Mozambique 
called? 

Note. Northeast of the coast of Zanguebar is the 
Kingdom of Magadoxa ; northeast of Magadoxa is the 
desert ccast of Ajan. North of Magadoxa, and north- 
west of Ajan, is the kingdom of Adel. Of these three 
countries little is known. Adel is peopled by the So- 
maulis, an amiable and commercial tribe. 

13. What kingdom lies northeast of Zangue- 
bar? 

14. What desert coast lies northeast of Maga- 
doxa? 

15. What kingdom lies southeast of Abyssinia ? 

16. What nation is said to inhabit the desert 
coast northwest of the Hottentot country ? 

A. The Cimbebas. 

17. What is the general name of the country 
north of the Cimbebas ? 

Note. Lower or Southern Guinea is usually divided 
into five states, viz., Loango, the most northerly; Congo, 
separated from Loango by the river Zaire; Angola, 
south of Congo, and separated from it by the river Dan- 
da ; Benguela, south of Angola ; and Maiemba, east of 
Angola. The Portuguese have long controlled all these 
states and prevented other nations from acquiring any 
accurate knowledge of them. 

18. What is the northern part of Lower or 
Southern Guinea called ? 

19. What state lies south of Loango ? 

20. What is the most southern state of Lower 
Guinea called ? 

21. What state lies between Benguela and Con- 
go ? What state lies east of Angola? 



AFRICA. 117 

Note. Of the country usually called Ethiopia, we can 
only conjecture that it is peopled chiefly by wandering 
tribes, with whom the Portuguese have for a long time 
kept up a constant intercourse, repeatedly crossing from 
Angola to Mozambique. It is even probable that the 
chief branch of the river Zaire or Congo rises near the 
source of the Cuama or Zambezy, and the two rivers 
thus afford an easy passage from the Atlantic to the In- 
dian Ocean. 

22. What extensive country lies between Lower 
Guinea and the coasts of Mozambique and Zan- 
guebar? 

23. By what people is it supposed to be inhab- 
ited? 

24. What nation is supposed to have traded 
across Ethiopia, from the Atlantic to the Indian 
Ocean ? 

25. What is the general name of the country 
north and northwest of Lower Guinea ? 

26. What are the three largest kingdoms or 
states that compose upper Guinea 1 

A. Ashantee, Dahomey, and Benin. 

27. Which is the most easterly ? the most west- 
erly 1 

28. What small states lie between Benin and 
Lower Guinea? 

29. What other divisions have European traders 
given to the coast of Upper Guinea ? 

A. Grain, Ivory, Gold, and Slave Coasts. 

30. What is the general name of the country 
northwest of Upper Guinea ? 

Note. Senegavibia, like Guinea, is not the name of a 
single state, but of a numerous collection of small king- 
doms and states. It is generally supposed to be sepa- 
rated from Upper Guinea by the River Mesurado, but its 
eastern boundary is unfixed. Some travellers have 
lately penetrated far into the interior, and found the 



118 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

country well peopled by various tribes, the chief of 
which are the Foulahs, probably the same as the Fellatas, 
whose head quarters are near the source of the rivers 
Senegal and Gambia, and who have subjected a large 
portion of the country situated between Upper Guinea 
and the Great Desert. 

An American settlement has, within a few years, been 
made at the mouth of the River Mesurado, for the pur- 
pose of preventing the slave trade on the African coast, 
and of receiving such free blacks as are sent thither from 
the United States. The territory occupied by the Amer- 
cans is called Liberia, and the chief town is named 
Monrovia, after President Monroe. Liberia is, in fact, 
within the bounds of Guinea. 

The English also have an establishment north of Li- 
beria, called Sierra Leone. Its object is the same as 
that of Liberia, and its chief town is called Freetown. 

The French settlement is called Senegal, and Goree 
and Fort St. Louis are the chief towns. 

31. What is the name of the American settle- 
ment in Senegambia ? 

32. What is the name of the English settlement 
in Senegambia? 

33. What is the name of the French settlement? 

34. What is the most powerful native tribe in 
Senegambia, and east of it ? 

35. What desert country lies north of Senegam- 
bia? 

36. What is the general name of the countries 
north of Sahara ? 

37. Which is the most western of the Barbary 
States ? 

Note. Morocco has several important divisions, the 
chief of which are Morocco Proper and Fez. 

A strip of land, south of the Barbary States, and bor- 
dering on the Great Desert, is called Beled-el-jerid, or 
The Land of Dates, and is peopled by small independent 
tribes. Morocco is independent ; Algeria is a province 



AFRICA. 119 

of France ; but the rest of the northern coast of Africa 
is more or less subject to Turkey in Europe. 

38. Which state lies next to Morocco ? 

Note. Algiers was conquered by the French in 1830, 
and is now a province of France, and called Algeria. 

39. Which state lies east of Algiers ? 

40. Which state lies east of Tunis ? 

41. What country lies south of Tripoli, and cast 
of Sahara ? 

42. What desert country lies east of Tripoli on 
the seacoast? 

Note. Barca is somewhat populous on the seacoast, 
but the interior is almost a desert. A verdant spot in a 
desert is called an O-a-sis. Of these there are several 
in and south of Barca, particularly those of Audjelah, 
and Siwak. Siwah is celebrated for the ruins of splen- 
did buildings, particularly those of the temple of Jupiter- 
Ammon. Barca is subject to Tripoli, and Tripoli to 
Turkey. 

43. What lies south of Barca ? 

44. What is the only country of Africa that ad- 
joins Asia 1 

45. What is the general name of the country 
south of Egypt ? 

Note. Egypt is governed by a Pacha, who is subject 
to Turkey, but who has conquered Dongola and Sen- 
naar, the two chief divisions of Nubia, and once inde- 
pendent kingdoms. West of Sennaar, is a small king- 
dom, conquered by Egypt in 1820, called Kordofan, and 
west of Kordofan is the kingdom of Darfoor or Darfur. 

46. What are the chief divisions of Nubia? 

47. To what country are Dongola and Sennaar 
subject ? 

48. What small kingdom lies west of Sennaar ? 
— what west of Kordofan ? 

49. What country lies southeast of Nubia and 
northwest of Adel ? 



120 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Note. There is an almost desolate tract of country 
extending from Egypt along the western coast of the 
Red Sea to the Strait of Babelmandel. This tract is 
usually called Troglodytica, from the word Trogla, 
which means a cavern, the wretched inhabitants living 
chiefly in the holes of rocks. 

Abyssinia consists of many provinces, which were 
once distinct kingdoms. Its boundaries are not distinct- 
ly known. The Gallas, a savage tribe in the south, 
control the regular government. 

No part of the world has so much excited the curiosi- 
ty of geographers as that between Abyssinia and Sene- 
gambia. As nearly as can be ascertained, there is a 
powerful kingdom west of Darfoor, called Bergoo or 
Waday, and west of Bergoo is a state more civilized, 
called Bagkermy, which is said to be subject to Bergoo. 
West of all these states is the more important kingdom 
of Bornou. Near the mountains south of Darfoor, Ber- 
goo, Baghermy, and Bornou, dwell the Fellatas, a pow- 
erful nation, probably the same as the Foulahs of Sene- 
gambia, who have lately subdued Hoivssa, which lies 
west of Bornou, and probably Timbuctoo, and other 
states between Howssa and Senegambia. The Fellatas 
are more civilized than the other nations of the interior. 
Sackatoo is their chief town. The country of Bambar- 
ra is not yet subject to the Foulahs, which is a proof of 
its being powerful. Between Bornou and Fezzan is an 
extensive Desert. 

50. To what division of land does the whole of 
Africa belong? — what isthmus connects it with 
Asia? 

Capes. 

51. What is the most northern cape of Africa ? 

52. What is the most eastern cape called? 

53. What are the two most southern capes ? 

54. What is the most western cape ? 

55. What two capes west of Sahara ? 

56. What cape southwest of Upper Guinea on 
the Ivory Coast ? 



AFRICA. 121 

57. What cape east of cape Palmas, south of the 
Gold Coast? 

58. What cape in the small state of Waree, 
south of Benin ? 

59. What cape west of the unexplored territory 
just north of Southern Guinea ? 

60. What cape at the south of Southern 
Guinea ? 

61. What cape east of Inhambane ? 

62. What cape northeast of the coast of Mozam- 
bique ? — what capes north and south of Madagas- 
car? 

Mountains. 

63. What mountains run east and west through 
the Barbary States ? 

64. What mountains north of Upper Guinea ? 

65. What mountains are supposed to extend 
from Abyssinia to Upper Guinea? 

66. What mountains west of the Coasts of Mo- 
zambique and Zanguebar ? 

67. What mountains north of the Colony of the 
Cape? 

68. What remarkable mountain in one of the 
Canary Islands ? 

A. The Peak of Teneriffe. 

Islands. 

69. What island lies northeast of Cape Garda- 
fui? 

70. The largest island o£ Africa lies east of Mo- 
zambique — what is it called? 

71. What cluster lies between Cape Delgado 
and the north of Madagascar ? 

72. What are their names ? A. Joanna, Como- 
ra, Mohllla, and Mayoita. 

73. What two clusters northeast of Cape Am- 
bro in Madagascar? 

74. What cluster east of Madagascar ? 

11 



122 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

75. What are their names 1 A. Bourbon, France 
or Mauritius, and Cargados. 

76. What islands on the coast of Zanguebar? 

77. What small island in the Atlantic, almost 
west of the Cape of Good Hope ? (See Map of 
the World.) 

78. W hat island nearly west of Cape Negro ? — 
What northwest of St. Helena ? 

79. What island southwest of Cape Lopez Gon- 
zalvo ? 

80. What island northeast of Annabona ? 

81. What island northeast of St, Thomas? — 
What island northeast of Princes Island ? 

82. What island between Sierra Leone and Li- 
beria ? 

83. What cluster opposite Cape Verd ? 

84. What are the names of the Cape Verd 
Isles ? 

St. Jago, St. John or Bravo, St. Lucia, 
Mayo, Bonavista and Sal, St. Vincent, 

Fuego, St. Nicholas, St. Antonio. 

85. What cluster northwest of Cape Bajadore 1 

86. What are the names of the Canary Islands 1 

Teneriffe, Fortaventura, 

Grand Canary, Gomera, 

Palma, Ferro, and 

Lancerota, six smaller ones. 

87. What cluster north of the Canaries ? 

88. What islands are called Madeiras ? 

A. Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Salvages. 

89. What cluster, northwest of Madeira, and 
west of Portugal ? (See Maps of the World.) 

90. What are the names of the Azores 1 

A. St. Michaels, and St. Maria, east ; Terceira, 
St. George, Graciosa, Fayal, and Pico, in the mid- 
dle ; Flores and Coi*vo, at the west. 



AFRICA. 123 

Note. Socotra is tributary to the Prince of Muscat. 

Madagascar is claimed by the French and English, 
but is governed by powerful native princes. 

The Comoro Isles are not claimed by Europeans. 

The Almirante Isles and the Seychelles belong to the 
English. 

Of the Mascarenhas, Mauritius belongs to England, 
and the rest to France. 

Zanzibar, Pemba, and Monfia belong to Portugal and 
to the chief of Muscat in Arabia. 

Tristan de Acunha is probably uninhabited. 

Fernando Po and Ascension Island belong to Eng- 
land. 

St. Helena, famous for the exile of the French Empe- 
ror, Napoleon, belongs to England. 

Annabona is Spanish. 

Princes Island and St. Thomas are Portuguese. 

The Cape Verds, Madeiras, and Azores belong to Por- 
tugal. 

The Canaries belong to Spain. 

Gulfs and Bays. 

91. What gulf between Tripoli and Barca? 

92. What large gulf is formed by the Coasts of 
Upper and Lower Guinea 1 

93. What two smaller gulfs or Bights in the 
Gulf of Guinea? 

94. What bay in the northeast of CafTraria ? 

95. What bay next north of the Cape of Good 
Hope? 

Lakes. 

96. What lake is supposed to be west of the 
coast of Mozambique ? 

97. What immense lake or sea in the kingdom 
of Bornou ? — what lake north of the country of 
Bambarra ? 

98. What lake in Abyssinia ? 



124 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Rivers. 

99. What river runs north through Egypt, and 
empties by several mouths into the Mediterra- 
nean ? 

100. What two rivers, the sources of the Nile, 
unite in Nubia? 

101. Which of these sources comes from the 
west ? — which from Abyssinia ? 

102. What large branch of the Nile comes from 
Abyssinia and joins the Nile north of the Blue 
River? 

103. What river rises in the mountains west of 
Senegambia, runs west and falls into the Atlantic 
north of Cape Yerd ? 

104. What other river rises in the same moun- 
tains, runs west, and falls into the Atlantic south 
of Cape Verd? 

105. W hat river rises in Senegambia, and runs 
through Bambarra, Howssa and Benin, into the 
Gulf of Guinea? 

106. What river empties into Lake Tchad, on 
the west ? 

107. What river empties into Lake Tchad, at 
-the south? 

108. What river separates Senegambia from 
Upper Guinea, and runs through the American 
settlement of Liberia into the Atlantic ? 

Note. The sources and courses of the rivers New 
and Old Calabar, Camaroons, as well as of two or three 
others which fall into the Gulf of Guinea near them, are 
unknown. 

109. What large river of Lower Guinea sepa- 
rates Congo from Loango ? 

110. What river rises in the interior, crosses 
Angola, and falls into the Atlantic ? 



AFRICA. 125 

111. What principal river rises in the Hottentot 
country, and runs west into the Atlantic ? 

112. What three rivers rise in the Snow Moun- 
tains, and run south into the ocean ? 

113. What larger river rises in the interior of 
Ethiopia, north of Monomotapa, and flows into 
the channel of Mozambique ? 

Note. There is the mouth of a very large river, called 
Quilimancy, near Melinda, on the coast of Zanguebar, 
and in Magadoxa the mouth of another river named the 
Webbe, whose sources are supposed to be in the moun- 
tains south of Abyssinia, where sources have been dis- 
covered whose mouths are unknown. 

Towns. 

In Egypt. Cairo, on the Nile, near where it 
branches into several mouths, forming a triangular 
tract of land called the Delta, the name of the 
Greek letter A. 

Alexandria, on the Mediterranean, west of the 
mouths of the Nile. 

Rosetta, at the chief western mouth of the Nile. 

Damietta, at the chief eastern mouth of the 
Nile. 

Thebes, famous for its ruins, in the south, on the 
Nile. 

In Nubia. Dongola, on the Nile. 

Sennaar, on the Bahr-el-Azurek or Blue River. 

In Abyssinia. Gondar, the capital, in the inte- 
rior. 

Axum, the ancient capital, northeast of Gondar. 

In Kordofan. Ibeit, the capital. 
In Darfoor. Cobbe, the capital. 
11* 



126 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

In Barca. Derne, on the seacoast. 
Bengazi, west of Derne. 
Audjelah, an Oasis, in the Lybian Desert. 
Siwah, an Oasis, east of Audjelah. 

In Fezzan. Moorzook, the capital. 

In Tripoli. Tripoli, the capital, on the sea- 
coast. 

In Tunis. Tunis, the capital, at the north. 

In Algiers. Algiers, the capital, on the sea- 
coast. 

Constantine, east of Algiers, on a small river. 
Oram, a seaport southwest of Algiers. 

In Morocco. Morocco, or Merakash, the capital 
of the empire, in the interior. 

Fez, in the north, capital of the Province of 
Fez. 

Mequinez, in the interior, west of Fez. 

Mogadore, the chief seaport, on the Atlantic. 

Tangier, at the entrance of the Strait of Gibral- 
tar. , 

Ceuta, a strong town in the north, belonging to 
Spain. 

In Senegambia. Freetown, the capital of the 
English colony of Sierra Leone. 

St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal, capital 
of the French colony of Senegal. 

Monrovia, capital of Liberia, at the mouth of the 
Mesurado. 

In Upper Guinea. Coomassie, north of Cape 
Three Points, capital of the kingdom of Ashantee. 

Cape Coast, a strong English town and castle 
on the Gold Coast. 

Elmina, a Dutch settlement, and the strongest 
fortress on the Gold Coast. 

Abomey, east of Coomassie, capital of the king- 
dom of Dahomey. 









AFRICA. 127 

Benin, on the river Niger, capital of the 
kingdom of Benin. 

In Lower Guinea. Loanda, a seaport in Angola, 
the capital of the Portuguese possessions in West- 
ern Africa. 

St. Salvador, capital of the kingdom of Congo, 
in the interior. 

Loango, capital of the kingdom of Loango, on 
the seacoast. 

In the Colony of the Cape. Cape Town, the 
capital, on Table Bay. 

On the Coast of Mozambique. Zimbaoe, a 
native capital, on the Zambese. 

Sena and Tete, two Portuguese forts on the 
Zambese. 

Mozambique, the capital, a strong Portuguese 
fortress on an island. 

In Magadoxa. Magadoxa, the capital. 

In Adel. Zeyla and Barbara, seaports on the 
Gulf of Adel. 

Hurrur, or Hooroor, in the interior. 

In Bergoo. Wara, the capital. 

In Baghermy. Baghermy or Mesna, the cap- 
ital. 

In Bornou, &c. Kouka, the largest town, on 
the western shore of Lake Tchad. 

Sackatoo, capital of the Fellatah country, on the 
Niger, west of Tchad. 

Timbuctoo, on the Niger, northwest of Sack- 
atoo. 

Sego, on the Niger, capital of Bambarra. 

Kashna and Kano, in Howssa. 

Boussa, the capital of Borgoo, near which 
Mungo Park was wrecked. 

Eyeo, capital of Yarriba, on the Niger. 



128 common school geography. 

On the Islands. 

Cape Yerds. Porto Praya, the capital, on the 
Isle of St. Jago. 

Canaries. Santa Cruz, on TenerifTe. 

Palma, on the Grand Canary. 

Madeiras. Funckal, on Madeira. 

Azores. Ponta del Gada, in St. Michael's. 

Angra, in Terceira, the capital of the cluster. 

Horta, or Villa da Orta, on the island of Fayal. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Africa. 

1. What sea is Africa south of? 

2. What sea separates Africa from Asia 1 

3. What ocean is Africa west of? 

4. What ocean is Africa east of? 

5. Where is the Colony of the Cape ? 

6. Where is the Hottentot country ? 

7. Where is Caffraria ? 

8. Where is Monomotapa? 

9. Where is Mozambique? 

10. Where are Gluiloa, Mombas and Melinda? 

11. Where is Magadoxa ? Ajan? Adel? 

12. Where is the country of the Zimbebas 7 

13. Where is Lower Guinea ? Benguela? Lo- 
ango ? Congo ? Angola ? Matemba ? 

14. Where is Upper Guinea ? Ashantee ? Be- 
nin ? Biafra? Dahomev ? Waree? Calbongos? 
The Grain Coast? Gold Coast? Ivory Coast? 
Slave Coast? 

15. Where is Senegambia ? 

16. What part of Africa do the Foulahs or 
Fellatas inhabit ? 

17. Where is Liberia ? Sierre Leone? Senegal? 

18. Where is Sahara ? 

19. Where are the states of Barbary ? — Moroc- 
co ?— Tripoli ?— Algeria ?— Tunis ? 

20. What part of Africa is called Biledidgerid, 
(Beled-el-gerid,) or the Land of Dates ? 



AFRICA. 129 

21. Where is Fezzan? 

22. Where is Barea ? What is meant hy an 
Oasis ? 

. 23. Where is Egypt ? 

24. Where is Nubia ? Dongola ? Sennaar ? 

25. Where is Kordofan ? Where is Darfoor? 

26. Where is Abyssinia 3 

27. What part of Africa is sometimes called 
Troglodytica? Why is it called so? 

28. Where is Bergoo supposed to he situated ? 

29. Where is Baghermy ? 

30. Where is Bornou ? Howssa? 

31. Where is the kingdom of Bambarra ? 

32. Yv r hat part of the Fellatah country is called 
Dar Koulla ? 



33. Where is the isthmus of Suez ? 

34. Where is the strait of Babelmandel ? 

35. Where is Cape Bon ? Gardafui ? Good 
Hope and Laguillas ? Yerd ? Blanco and Baja- 
dore ? Palmas ? Three Points ? Formosa ? 
Lopez Gonzalvo ? Negro ? Corrientes ? Delga- 
do '? Ambre ? >St. Mary 7 

36. Where are the mountains of Atlas ? Kong ? 
The Moon? Lupata? Snow? Where is the Peak 
of Teneriffe ? 

37. Where are the islands, Socotra? Mada- 
gascar ? Comoro ? Almirante ? Seychelles ? 
Mascarenhas ? Zanzibar, Pemba, and Monfia ? 
Tristan de Acunha ? St. Helena ? Annabona ? 
St. Thomas? Princes? Fernando Po ? Sher- 
bro ? Cape Verds ? Canaries ? Madeiras ? 
Azores ? 

IVote. The following questions may be omitted, if too 
difficult, at first. 

In what cluster is Mauritius ? Joanna ? Bourbon ? 
Comora ? Mohilla and Mayotta ? Cargados ? 

In what cluster is St. Jago ? Teneriffe ? Fayal ? 



130 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Madeira? Mayo? Bonavista? Palma? St. Mi- 
chaels? Fuego? Fortaventura ? St. Maria? St. 
John or Brava ? Lancerota ? Sal ? *= Terceira ? St. 
George ? St. Nicholas ? Goraera ? Graciosa ? Pi- 
co ? Ferro ? St. Lucia ? Flores ? St. Vincent ? 
Corvo ? Porto Santo ? St. Antonio ? The Salvages ? 
To what European nation does Madagascar belong? 
The Seychelles ? The Mascarenhas ? Zanzibar, Pem- 
ba, and Monfia ? St. Helena ? Fernando Po ? Anna- 
bona? Princes Island and St. Thomas ? The Cape 
Verds, Madeiras, and Azores ? The Canaries ? Almi- 
rante isles ? 

38. Where is the Gulf or Bay of Sidra? Gui- 
nea ? Benin ? Biafra 1 Delagoa or Lagoa ? 

39. Where is Lake Tchad? Maravi? Dembea? 
Dibbie? 

40. Where is the river Nile? Bahr-el-Abiad ? 
Bahr-el-Azurek ? Tacazze? Senegal? Gambia? 
Mesurado ? Zaire or Congo ? Coanza ? Orange ? 
Elephants? Great Fish? Zambese or Cuama? 
Where is the Niger? the Yeou? the Shary or 
Chary ? 

41. Where is Cairo? Alexandria? Rosetta? 
Damietta? Thebes? 

42. Where is Dongola ? Sennaar ? 

43. Where is Gondar ? Axum ? 

44. Where is Ibeit? Cobbe? 

45. Where is Derna ? Bengazi ? The Oasis of 
Audjelah? ofSiwah? 

46. Where is Moorzook? Tripoli? Tunis? 
Algiers? Constantine? Oran? Morocco? Fez? 
Mequinez? Mogadore? Tangier? Ceuta? 

47. Where is Freetown? St. Louis? Mon- 
rovia ? 

48. Where is Coomassie ? Cape Coast, or Corse ? 
Elmina? Abomey? Benin? 

49. Where is Loanda? St. Salvador? Loan- 
go? 

50. Where is Cape Town? Zimbaoe? Sena 



VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 131 

and Tete? Mozambique? Magadoxa? Zeyla? 
Hurrur ? Berbara ? 

51. Where is Wara? Baghermy or Mesna? 
Kouka ? Sackatoo ? Howssa ? Timbuetoo ? Se- 
go? Cashna and Kano? Boussa? Eyeo ? 

52. Where is Porto Praya ? Santa Cruz? Pal- 
ma? Funchal? Ponta del Gada ? Angra? Villa 
da Orta ? 

To what European nation belongs Ceuta ? Freetown ? 
St. Louis ? Monrovia ? Cape Coast ? Elmina ? Loan- 
da ? Cape Town ? Sena and Tete ? Mozambique ? 



VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 

IVbte. All travels by land are supposed to be in a di- 
rect or straight line, where there are no meridians or 
parallels to guide. Teachers should show on the globe 
that parallels and meridians are straight, and not curved 
as they are represented on maps. As the pupils im- 
prove, the teacher can require them to be more and more 
particular. They should be allowed to look on the maps, 
if they are very young. • 

On the Map of the United States. 

1. What states do you pass, in sailing from 
Portland to New Orleans ? 

2. Beginning at Maine, how can you travel to 
Louisiana, touching every state once only, and 
omitting territories ? 

3. What States will you cross, in going a 
straight Gourse from Boston to St. Louis in Mis- 
souri ? 



132 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 

4. What States will you cross, in going from 
New York city to New Orleans ? 

5. What principal Capes must you pass in going 
from Boston to New Orleans by water ? 

6. If you sail down the Mississippi, from its 
source to its mouth, what States and Territories 
will you pass between 7 

7. In going from Washington to Norfolk in Vir- 
ginia, what Rivers must be crossed ? 

8. What Rivers must be crossed in going from 
New York city to Pittsburg in Pennsylvania ? 

9. What Bays will you pass in going from 
Eastport in Maine to New Orleans ? 

10. What Islands will you pass in going the 
same route ? 

On the Mop of North America. 

1. How will you go from James's Bay to Que- 
bec, by water? 

2. How will you go from New Orleans to Mel- 
ville Island in the Arctic Ocean, by water? 

3. How may you go by river conveyance from 
Pittsburg in Pennsylvania to the Pacific Ocean, 
with the exception of a little land carriage over the 
Rocky Mountains ? 

4. Begin at the mouth of Mackenzie's River, and 
visit all the great Lakes in order, until you come 
to .the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

On the Map of South America. 

1. What Countries will you pass in sailing from 
the Isthmus of Darien to Cape Horn on the eastern 
coast of the country? 

2. What Countries on the western coast? 

3. If you follow the meridian which runs from 
Cape Horn to the Caribbean Sea, what Countries 
must you pass through? 



VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 133 

4. What large Rivers must be crossed in going 
from Caraccas to Bahia? 

5. Begin at Patagonia and travel through every 
State, touching no one twice. 

6. What Branches of the Amazon will you 
cross, in going from Cape St. Roque to Truxillo in 
Peru? 

7. What Islands will you pass in a voyage from 
Buenos Ayres to Valparaiso? 

8. In sailing down the Amazon, what Rivers 
will you pass on the north bank ? 

On the Map of Europe. 

1. What Countries must be passed in going from 
Lisbon to Moscow in a direct line? 

2. What Countries are between London and 
Constantinople ? 

3. What water and land do you pass over in 
going from North Cape to Vienna, and thence to 
Madrid? 

4. If you begin at the mouth of the Don, what 
Seas will you cross in going to Cadiz ? 

5. What Seas will you cross, in a voyage from 
Petersburg to London ? 

6. What Islands will you pass, in going from 
Gibraltar to Aleppo ?. 

7. What Mountains will interrupt your journey 
from Madrid to Berne, and from Berne to Cherson 1 

8. How will you go by water from Archangel 
to Petersburg ? 

9. If you coast along the shore from Altona in 
Denmark, to Bilboa in Spain, you must cross the 
mouth of what Rivers ? 

10. If you take a boat at Ratisbon, and sail to 
the mouth of the Danube, what important Cities 
will you pass ? 

12 



134 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

11. How can you go from Liverpool in Eng» 
land, to Trieste in Austria, by water ? 

12. What Capes will you pass on the voyage 
from Copenhagen to Athens ? 

13. What Straits and Seas do you pass through 
in going from Stockholm in Sweden, to Azof at the 
mouth of the Don 1 

14. What Rivers do you cross on a journey from 
Madrid to Paris ? 

On the Map of Asia. 

1. How can you get from Constantinople to Cal- 
cutta over land ? 

2. If you coast along the shore of Asia, from the 
Isthmus of Suez to Kamtschatka, what waters will 
you pass through ? 

3. What large Islands will you pass on the 
voyage ? 

4. What Rivers will you cross, in travelling from 
Azof, on the Sea of Azof, to Okotsk, on the Sea of 
Okotsk ? 

5. What Mountains must you cross in going 
from Yakutsk in Siberia, to the Malabar coast in 
Hindostan ? 

(3n the Map of Africa. 

1. What Countries will you traverse, in going 
from Magadoxa in Ajan, to Alexandria in Egypt ? 

2. What Countries must you pass through in 
going from the English settlement of Sierra Leone 
to the English settlement at Cape Town, if you fol- 
low the coast ? 

3. What Capes will you pass, on a voyage from 
Tunis to Mocha in Arabia ? 

4. What large Rivers will you pass, on the 
voyage, and in what country are they ? 



TOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 135 

On the Maps of the World. 

1. Go from Boston to London. 

2. Go from New York to Valparaiso in Chili. 

3. Go from Boston to Constantinople, and name 
every country you pass. 

Note. The pupil should finally be required to tell 
every prominent Island, Cape, Country, &c, he passes, 
and the more particular he is, the better. 

4. Go from Canton to Boston. 

5. Go from Calcutta to London. 

6. Go from Boston to Archangel. 

7. Go from Rome to Botany Bay or Port Jack- 
son. 

8. Go from Lisbon to the Portuguese colony at 
Goa. 

9. Travel from Pekin to Cape Verd by land. 

10. Make a voyage round the world, by going 
from London to Nova Zembla, thence to Bhering's 
Strait, thence to the Sandwich Isles, thence to the 
Falkland Islands, thence to the Cape Yerds, and 
thence home. 

11. If a passage north of the continent of Amer- 
ica should be found practicable, how may a voyage 
from London to China be made by that route? 

12. If you go exactly east from Boston, entirely 
round the world, what oceans and countries will 
you cross ? 

Columbus, in 1492, sailed from Palos, a small port in 
the Bay of Cadiz, southwest of Spain, passed Madeira; 
refitted his vessel at Gomera, one of the Canaries; then 
steered westward across the Atlantic. Guanahana, St. 
Salvador, or Cat Island, is generally supposed to be the 
land he first discovered. He then visited a large island, 
which he called Hispaniola, but which the natives called 
Hayti. He then returned to Spain. In his second voyage 
he discovered the Caribbee Islands and Jamaica. In 
his third voyage, he discovered the continent, at the north 



136 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

of Venezuela and New Ch'anada, and named it Terra 
Firma. 

Capt. Cook, an Englishman, in his third voyage 
round the world, left Plymouth, in England, July 11, 
1776, passed the Stilly Isles; JJshant ; Teneriffe ; Bon- 
avista and St. Jago, two of the CapeVerds ; Table Bay ; 
Cape of Good Hope; Prince Edward's; Marion's and 
Kerguelen's Islands ; Van Diemen's Land ;' New Zea- 
land ; through Cook's Strait, which divides Neiv Zea- 
land ; Tongataboo, the largest of the Friendly Isles ; 
Otaheite, among the Society Isles ; Eimeo and other 
Isles ; northward to Christmas Isle ; Atooi, one of the 
Sandwich Islands; Nootka Sound; Cape Prince of 
Wales ; East Cape ; Icy Cape ; Cape North, northwest 
of Bhering's Strait ; back through the Strait ; Norton's 
Bay or Sound ; Fox Isles ; Owyhee or Hawai, the larg- 
est of the Sandwich Islands, where Capt. Cook was 
killed by the natives. 

La Peyrouse, a Frenchman, Aug. 1, 1785, sailed 
from Brest; touched at Madeira; then at Teneriffe; 
Trinidad, a small island in the Atlantic, east of Rio' 
Janeiro ; St. Catharine, an island on the southeast coast 
of Brazil ; Cape Virgins, the northern cape at the en- 
trance of Magellan's Strait; Le Maire's Strait, between 
Terra del Fuego and Staten Island ; Cape Horn ; Con- 
ception, in Chili; Easter Island, west of Chili, and 
northwest of Juan Fernandez ; then north to Mowee, 
one of the Sandivich Isles ; Mt. St. Elias; Bay of Mon- 
tery, a Spanish settlement on the coast of California ; 
Neckar Isle, northwest of the Sandwich Isles ; Assump- 
tion, one of the Ladrones ; the Bashee Isles, between 
Luzon and Formosa ; Macao, in China, south of Can- 
ton ; Manilla ; Formosa ; Loo Choo Isles ; Quelpaert, 
an island near the south of Corea; the Strait of Corea; 
Cape Noto, on the west of Niphon ; the opposite shore, 
where Corea joins Tartary ; Bay of Langle, on the west 
side of Saghalien ; Bay of Castrie, just south of the 
Strait which separates Saghalien from Tartary; then, 
supposing the water not deep enough to let the frigate 
pass north through the Strait, Peyrouse steered south, 
and passed through Pey rouse's Strait, which separates 



VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. 137 

Saghalien from Jesso ; through Boussole Strait, between 
two of the Kurile Isles; Avatsha, or St. Peter-ar\d-St. 
.Paul, a Russian port in the southeast of Kamtschatka ; 
then south, without seeing land, as far as Maouna, or 
Massacre, one of the Navigator's Isles, where Capt. Lan- 
gle, next in rank to La Peyrouse, was killed by the na- 
tives ; Isles of Traitors; Vavaoo, one of the Friendly 
Isles ; Botany Bay. Nothing more was heard of La 
Peyrouse or the two frigates, until forty years afterwards, 
when they were traced to Vanikoro, one of the New 
Hebrides, where they were wrecked ; but no traces of 
the crews were discovered. 

Vancouver, an Englishman, sailed from Falmouth in 
England, April 1, 1791, passed Teneriffe ; Cape of Good 
Hope ; Cape King George, in New Holland; Van Die- 
men's Island ; New Zealand ; Otaheite ; Owyhee or Ha- 
waii ; New Albion, in America; mouth of Columbia 
River ; Mount Olympus, near Cape Flattery, at the en- 
trance of Nootha Sound ; New Georgia ; Queen Char- 
lotte's Strait ; Nootha Island ; south to Ports St. Fran- 
cisco and Montery in ^California ; westward to Owyhee ; 
northeast to Cape Mendocino, north of Montery and St. 
Francisco ; Nootha ; the Sound east of Queen Charlotte's 
Island and the coast called New Hanover ; Nootha; St. 
Francisco; Montery ; south as far as the northern ex- 
tremity of the Gulf of California; then west again to 
Hawaii or Owyhee, Atooi, &c. Kodiah Island, south 
of Alaska ; Cooh's Inlet or Bay ; Mount St. Elias ; 
Mount Fairweather ; Cross Strait or Sound, north of 
King George's Island; New Norfolk and Neiv Cornwall, 
on the coast; Nootha; Monterey ; Cape St. Lucas; St. 
Bias, in the west of Mexico; Cape Corrientes, southeast 
of St. Bias ; Albemarle Island, one of the Gallapagos ; 
Masafuero, west of Juan Fernandez and Chili ; Valpa- 
raiso ; Cape Horn ; St. Helena ; Ireland ; London. 

Kruzenstern, a Russian, sailed from Cronstadt, Aug". 
7, 1803; touched at Copenhagen ; the Sound ; Strait 
of Dover ; Teneriffe ; St. Catharine-Isle, on the coast of 
Brazil ; Cape Horn ; the Marquesas ; Owyhee ; Port 
St. Peter-nnd-St. Paul, at the southeast of Kamtschat- 
ka ; Van Diemen's Strait, south of Kiusiu ; Na?igasaki, 
12* 



138 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

in Kiusiu ; the Strait of Korea ; Strait of Sangaar, or 
Matsumahi, between Niphon and Jesso ; Cape Crillon, 
the south point of Saghalien Island; La Peyrouse's 
Strait ; Cape Anira, the southeast point of Saghalien ; 
Cape Patience, north of Cape Anira ; between two of the 
Kuriles ; Cape Lopatka; Port St. Peter-arid- St. Paul; 
crossed the Kuriles again ; Western Coast of Saghalien ; 
Capes Elizabeth and Mary, the two northern points of 
Saghalien ; mouth of the River Amour, in or near the 
Strait between Tartary and Saghalien, (if there be a 
Strait, which is not yet certain ;) crossed the Sea of 
Okotsk ; between the Kuriles ; Cape Lopatka ; Port St. 
Peter-arid- St. Paul ; the south, without touching at any 
place, to Macao, in China ; Canton ; Strait of Sunda ; 
St. Helena; the Shannon, in the west of Ireland ; Ork- 
neys ; Copenhagen ; Cronstadt. 



GENERAL REVIEW 



After the pupil has studied the preceding pages of 
this book, he may be reviewed by the following Tables, 
in which all the names previously mentioned are intro- 
duced. 

But this Review is valuable in other respects ; for the 
names, though apparently promiscuous, are really ar- 
ranged in order, the most important names being those 
-first mentioned ; so that the pupil, by the order of the 
names, acquires a good idea of the comparative geogra- 
phy of the Globe, which he cannot acquire while study- 
ing the separate maps, which are necessarily drawn 
on different scales. 

In teaching this Review, the pupil should at first only 
be required to tell in what part of the world, the place, 
sea, or whatever it is, may be ; and every time he goes 
over the Review he should be more and more particular 
in his description. 

Divisions of Land. 

COUNTRIES; 

Arranged according to their population. 
1st Class. Containing over 50 millions. 



Asia, 

Chinese Empire, 

Europe, 



Hindostan, 

Africa, 

N, & S.America, 



Russian Empire. 



140 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



2d Class. Containing between 50 and 10 millions. \ 


Austria, 


Italy, , 


South America, 


France, 


TurkishEmpire, 


Spain, 


North America, 


United States, 


Prussia, 


Japan, 


Malaysia,^ 


Persia, 


Great Britain ) 


German States, t 


Anam, 


and Ireland, ) 


England, IBarbary States. 


3d Class. Containing from 10 to 5 millions. 


Turkey, (inE.) 


Afghanistan, | 


Ind. Tartary f 


Hungary, 


Ireland, 


Corea, 


Mexico, 


Thibet, 


Upper Guinea^ 


Turkey, (in A.) 


Arabia, 


Siam, 


Beled el Jerid, 


Morocco, 


Brazil, 


Senegambia, ' 


Naples, 


Lower Guinea. 


Ath Class. Containing from , 


5 to 1 million. 


Little Bucharia, 


Great Bucharia, 


Wurtemburg, 


Sardinia, 


Australasia, 


Peru,N. &S. 


Belgium, 


Popedom, 


Hanover, 


Lombardy, 


New York, 


Ohio, 


Bavaria, 


Holland, 


Bolivia, 


Galicia, 


Denmark, 


Saxony, 


Poland, 


Beloochistan, 


Texas, 


Lahore, 


Buenos Ayres, 


Algeria, 


Cabul, 


Tunis, 


Chili, 


Bohemia, 


Switzerland, 


British America, 


Abyssinia, 


Muscat, 


Finland, 


Portugal, 


Transylvania, 


Virginia, 


Burman Empire, 


Guatimala, 


Tuscany, 


Ashantee, 


Mongolia, 


Bornou, 


Mantchooria, 


Syria, 


Illyria, 


West Indies, 


Songaria, 


Norway, 


Sweden, 


Moravia, 


Nubia, 


Scotland, 


Pennsylvania, 


Herat. 


Egypt, 


New Grenada, 




Sindy, 


The Fellatas, 





* East India Islands. See Appendix, 
f Without Austria and Prussia. 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



141 



5th Class. Containing from a million to half a 
million. - 



Walachia, 

Hayti, 

The Canadas, 

Wales, 

Venezuela, 

Tennessee, 

Stiria, 

Khiva, 

6th Class 



Kentucky, j Tripoli, 

Tyrol, ! Equator or ) 
N. Carolina, Ecuador, ) 

Polynesia, & Carolina, 

Massachusetts, Alabama, 

Georgia, Maine, 

Indiana, Turcomania. 
Greece, 

Containing from half a million to a 
hundred thousand. 



Illinois, 

Yucatan, 

Maryland, 

Moldavia, 

Parma, 

Palestine, 

Missouri, 

Servia, 

Mississippi, 

Neiv Jersey, 

Louisiana, 

Class 1th. 



Arkansas, 
B. Guiana, 
Delaioare, 
Australia, 
D. Guiana, 
Florida,, 
Russ. America, 



Modena, 

Berne, 

Connecticut, 

Paraguay, 

Sahara, 

Vermont, 

Lucerne, 

N. Hampshire 

Barca, 

Zurich, 

Michigan, 

Containing less than a hundred thou 
sand. 
D. of Columbia, 
Iotva, 
New Britain, 



Malaya, 
Ionian Isles, 
The Guianas, 
Oregon T., 
New Brunswick, 
Uraguay, 
Nova Scotia, 
Col. of the Cape, 
Lucca, 
R. Island. 



Lapland, 

Wisconsin, Andorra, (Sp.) 

Sierra Leone, 

Patagonia, 

Class Sth. Countries whose population is too un- 
certain to authorize any classification. 



F. Guiana, 

Greenland, 

Liberia*, 

San Marino, (It.) 



Tonkin, 
Dahomey, 
Natolia, " 



Circassia, 
Cochin China, 
Armenia. 



Karasm, 
Little Thibet, 
Laos, 



142 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 



Cireassia, 

Bambarra, 

Kordofan, 

Darfur, 

Arracan, 

Caffraria, 

Sennaar, 

Assam, 

Bergoo y 

Georgia, (Asia. 

Congo. 

Houssa, 



Tannasserim, 

Baghermy, 

Tsiampa, 

Dongola, 

Cambodia, 

Fezzan, 

Adel, 

Labrador,. 

Matemba, 

Zanguebar, 

Hottentots, 

Benin, 



Mozambique^ 

Loango, 

Ajan, 

Biafra, 

Angola, 

Cimbebas, 

Magadoxa, 

Melinda, 

Quiloa, 

Benguela, 

Esquimaux, 



Note. At the end of each division, or, if the teacher 
prefers, when the Review is finished, it will be a very use- 
ful exercise for him to ask the highest of the class to name 
a Country:, and tell where it is ; then, let the next pupil 
name another, and so on, as long as any one can recol- 
lect any country that has not been mentioned. This 
exercise should be repeated frequently, and the pupils 
should be confined to the names mentioned in this book ? 
until they are familiar with them, when they may be re- 
quired to name any other country to be found on their 
maps, and tell where it is situated. The same course 
should be pursued with islands, towns, seas, and other 
divisions of land and water. 

At first, it may be sufficient for the pupils to say in 
general terms where the country, or whatever it may 
be, is situated ; then, by degrees, they should grow more 
particular, and as the teacher, with an Atlas in his hand, 
can easily follow the pupils, this exercise will render a 
large book and all keys unnecessary, and will give the 
children that acquaintance with maps, which, after all, 
is the great object of teaching Geography. 

ISLANDS. 

The following Islands are classed according to their 
relative size, as far as this could be ascertained, and not 
according to their relative population. 





GENERAL REVIEW. 


143 


First Class, over 100,000 square miles. 


New Holland, 
Borneo, 


New Guinea, 
Madagascar, 


Sumatra, 
Niphon. 


Second Class, from 100,000 to 50,000 square miles. 


Celebes, 
Great Britain, 
Nova Zembla, 


Luzon, 

New Zealand, 

Saghalien, 


Jesso, 
Java, 
Cuba. 


Third Class, from 50,000 to 25,000 square miles. 


Terra del Fuego, 

Iceland, 

Newfoundland, 


Ceylon, 
Ireland, 
Mindanao, 


Hayti, 
Kiusiu, 
\ r an Diemen. 


Fourth Class, f 


mm 25,000 to 4000 square miles. 


Formosa, 
Sicily, 
Timor, 
Hainan, 
New Britain. 
New Ireland, 


Melville, 

Sardinia, 

Cyprus, 

Jamaica, 

Candia, 

Q. Charlotte, 


Trinidad, 
Hawa'i, 
Porto Rico, 
Corsica. 


Fifth Class, j 


from 4,000 to 500 


square miles. 


New Caledonia, 
Banca,\ 
King George's, 
Zealand, 
Pemba, 
Palawan, 
Pr. Edward's, 
Socotra, 


Bourbon, 
Long Island, 
Majorca, 
Anticosti, 
St. Thomas, 
Aland, 
Bonavista, 
Funen, 


Osel, 

Negropont, 

TenerifTe, 

Gothland, 

Zanzibar, 

Otaheite, 

Scio, 

Mytilene. - 


Sixth Class, 


from 500 to 100 


square miles. 


Anglesea, 
Rugen, 
Cephalonia, 
St. Michael's, 
Minorca, 


Oland, 

Mauritius, 

Sherbro, 

Rhodes, 

Corfu, 


Man, 

Bornholm, 

Prince's, 

Wight, 

Ivica, 



144 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 



Malta, 
Fernando Po, 

Elba, 



Monfia, 

Tonga-Taboo, 

Martha'sViny'd, 



Staten. 



Seventh Class, less than 100 square miles. 



Guernsey, 

Fayal, 

Juan Fernandez. 

Oleron, 

Jersey, 

Re, 

TexeL 



Grand, 
Chiloe, 
Cape Breton, 
Annabona, 
St. Helena, 
Nantucket, 
R. Island, 



Hydra, 

Amelia, 

Ipsara, 

Block, 

Key West, 

Plum, 

Alderney. 



Clusters of Islands. 
Arranged according to their general importance. 



West Indies, 
East Indies, or 
Malaysia, 



Canaries, 
Azores, 
Leeward, 
Windward, 



Hebrides, or 

Western, 
New Hebrides 
Loo Choo, 
Orkneys, 
Bermudas, 



Kuriles, 
Luffoden, 



First Class. 

Japan Isles, 

Sunda, 

Philippines, 

Second Class. 

Madeiras, 
Ionian, 
Cape Terds, 
Spice, 

Third Class. 

Society, 

Bahamas, 

Friendly, 

Shetland, 

Laccadives, 

Pelews, 

Fourth Class. 

Falkland, 
Andaman, 



Great Antilles, 
Sandwich. 



Balearic, 
Mascarenhas. 



Marquesas, 

Mulgraves, 

Maldives, 

Ladrones, 

Carolines, 

Fejee. 



I Little Antilles, 
[Seychelles, 



GENERAL REVIEW, 


14» 


Lipari, 


Faroe, 


Comoro, 


Galapagos, 


Almirante, 


Elizabeth. 


Aleutian, or 


Scilly, 




Fox, 


Nicobar, 
PENINSULAS. 




Africa, 


Greenland, 


Corea, 


South America, 


Kamtschatka, 


Alaska, 


Sweden and 


California, 


Nova Scotia, 


Norway, 


Yucatan, 


Morea, 


Arabia, 


Malaya, 


Crimea. 


Spain and Por- 


Florida, 




tugal, 


Denmark, 
ISTHMUSES. 


- 


Darien, 


Sleswick, 


Precop, 


Suez, 


Kraw, 




Pyrennes, 


Corinth, 
CAPE& 




Horn, 


Cod, 


Delgado, 


Good Hope, 


Palmas, 


Nao, 


Farewell, 


St. Yin cent, 


May, 


North, 


De la Vela, 


Finisterre, 


Lopatka, 


Charles, 


Formosa, 


St. Lucas, 


Ortegal, 


Fear, 


Naze, 


Matapan, 


Baj adore, 


Skaw, 


Henlopen, 


Skaw, 


Verd, 


Land's- End, 


Gardafui, 


Sable, 


Spartivento, 


Passaro, 


Taymour, 


Laguillas, 


Hatteras, 


Icy, 


Lookout, 


Negro, 


St. Roque, 


Corrientes, 


De Gatt, 


Blanco, 


Malabar, 


Three Points, 


Clear, 


East, 


Ambre, 


Comorin, 


Lopez Gonzalvo, 


Prince of Wales, 


La Hogue, (Fr.) 


Palos, 


Ann, 


Bon. 


Henry, 


St. Mary. 


13 







146 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



MOUNTAINS. 

Arranged according to their highest peaks, when there 
is more than one. 

First Class, more than 20,000 feet high. 



Himmaleh, 

Dawalageri, 

Andes, 



Chimborazo, 
Cotopaxi, 



Hindoo Koo, (in 
Afg.) 



Second Class, between 20,000 and 10,000. 



Belur Tag, 
Caucasus, 
Popocatapetl, 
Ararat, 
Mt. Elias, 
Mouna Roah, 
(Hawat,)^ 
Rocky, 



Alps, 

Mt. Blanc, 

Rosa, 

Geesh, (Abys.) 
Ophir, (Sumat.) 
TenerifTe, 
Atlas, 
Pyrenees, 



Lebanon, 
Etna, 
Altaian, 
Snow, 

Haemus, or Bal- 
kan. 



Third Class, between 10,000 and 5,000 feet. 



Carpathian, 

Appenines, 

Bourbon, 

Taurus, 

Egmont, (N.Z.) 

Sinai, 



Dofrafield, 

Pico, (Azores,) 

Olympus, (Tur- 
key in Eu- 
rope.) 

White, 



Alleghany, 

Auvergne, (Fr.) 

Gaut, 

Cevennes, 

Ural, 

Hecla. 



Fourth Class, from 5,000 to 1, 2m feet 



Ben Nevis, 

(Scot.) 
Green, 
Hoosack, 
Vesuvius, 



Table Mt. (Af) 
Snowdon, 

(Wales.) 
Cumberland, 
Catskill, 



Ozark, 
Wachusett, 
Tom, 
Holyoke. 



CITIES AND TOWNS, in the order of their 

Popidation. 

Class 1. Containing from 1,500,000 to 300,000, or 

the towns larger than New York. 



1. London, 

2. Pekin, 



3. Paris, 

4. Canton, 



5. 



Constantino- 
ple, 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



147 



6. Teentsin, 

7. Hangtehou, 

8. Calcutta, • 

9. Nankin, 

10. Jeddo, 

11. Meaco, 



12. Surat, 

13. Petersburg, 

14. Bankok, 

15. Naples, 

16. Madras, 

17. Vienna, 



18. Lucknow, 

19. Cairo, 

20. Delhi, 

21. Patna, 

22. New York. 



Class 2. Containing from 300,000 to 93,000, or the 
towns between New York and Boston. 



1. Berlin, 

2. Moscow, 

3. Lisbon, 

4. Philadel- 

phia, 

5. Dublin, 

6. Glasgow, 

7. Amsterdam, 

8. Madrid, 

9. Bombay, 

10. Benares, 

11. Ispahan. 

12. Manchester, 

13. Manilla, 

14. Mexico, 

15. Palermo, 

16. Liverpool, 

17. Milan, 



18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 



Smyrna, 

Rome, 

Rio Janeiro, 

Venice, 

Barcelona, 

Dacca, 

Warsaw. 

Birming- 
ham, 

Edinburg, 

Moorsheda- 
bad, 

Leeds, 

Prague, 

Bahia, 

Damascus, 

Hydrabad, 

Havana, 



34. Bristol, 

35. Marseilles, 

36. Copenhagen, 

37. Turin, 

38. Lyons, 

39. Cork, 

40. Brussels, 

41. Baltimore, 

42. N. Orleans, 

43. Adrianople, 

44. Poonah, 

45. Tunis, 

46. Hue, 

47. Munich, 

48. Cashmere, 

49. Oojain, 

50. Teheran, 

51. Boston. 



Class 3. Containing towns, between Boston and 
Cincinnati, or between 93,000 and 46,000 inhab- 
itants. 



Bordeaux, 


Bucharia, 


Genoa, 


Seville, 


Florence, 


Lahore, 


Tauris, 


La Puebla, 


Grenada, 


Rouen, 


Morocco, 


Erzerum, 


Ghent, 


Lassa, 


Candahar 


Fez, 


Bucharest, 


— 



148 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY.- 



Stockholm, 


Guanaxuato, 


Liege, 


Plymouth, E. 


Limerick, 


Toulouse,. 


Nantes, 


Sheffield, 


Belfast, 


Bologna, 


Serajevo, 


Cadiz, 


Nangasaki, 


Brusa, or Bursa, 


Saragossa r 


Salonica, 


Herat, 


Breslau, 


Quito, 


Soccatoa, 


Malaga, 


Astrachan, 


Guadalaxara, 


St. Jago, or 


Dresden, 


Bassora, 


Santiago, ChL 


Oporto, 


Cabul, 


Portsmouth, JE7- 


Lima. 


Batavia, 


Shiraz, 


Lille, 


Columbo, 


Bogota, 


Konigsburg, 


Hamburg, 


Gondar, 


Buenos Ayres. 


Mequinez, 


Trebizond, 


— 


Frankfort, 


Trieste, 


Aleppo, 


Agra, 


Samarcand, 


Leghorn, 


Coomassie. 


Strasburg, 


Valencia, 


— 


Puerto Principe; 


Dantzic, 


Cordova, 


Ava, 


Antwerp, 


Newcastle, (E.) 


Casan or Kazan, 


Pernambuco, 


Padua, 


Catanea, 


Rotterdam, 


Lemburg, 


Cincinnati. 


Cologne, 


Odessa, 




Muscat, 


Verona, 





Class 4. Containing Towns between Cincinnati 
and Quebec, i. e. between 46,000 and 30,000 in- 
habitants. 



Hague, 


Orleans, 


Tula, 


Dundee, 


Bath, Eng. 


Samarang, 


Metz, 


La Paz, 


Kano, 


Pest, 


Kesho, 


Buda, 


Amiens, 


Sophia, 


Caen, 


Presburg, 


Leipsic, 


Zacatecas, 


Nuremburg, 


Kiev, 


Aix la Chapelle. 


Pondicherry, 


Gratz, 


Presburg, 


Montreal, 


Diarbekir, 


Riga, 


Bagdad, 


Bremen. 


Montpelier, F*. 


Messina, 


— • 


Brooklyn, 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



149 



Bruges, 

Wilna, 

Murcia, 

Rheims, 

Rangoon, 

Mosul, 

Yanina, 

Alexandria, Sar. 

Guatimala. 

Haerlem, 
Palma, Maj. 
Utrecht, 
Albany, 



Avignon, 

Stuttgard, 

St. Juan, P. R. 

Toulon, 

Ancona, 

Belgrade, 

Ummerapoora, 

Sego, 

Cuyaba, 

Clermont, 

Philipopoli, 

Casco, 

Larissa, 

Yalladolid, 



Kingston, Ja. 

Parma, 

Singapore, 

Jassy, 

Shumla, 

St. Fede Bogota, 

Prome, 

Cashgar, 

Cuyaba, 

Versailles, 

Rangoon, 

Quebec. 



Class 5. Containing Towns between Quebec a?id 
Richmond, Va., i. e. between 30,000 and 20,000 
inhabitants. 



Charleston, & C. 


Greenock, 


Popayan, 


Carthagena, Sp. 


Lubec. 


Tunis. 


Water ford, /. 


~ 


— 


Leyden, 


Toledo, 


Tver, 


Paisley, 


York, E. 


Ancona, 


Hanover, G. 


Altona, 


Kilkenny, 


Para, 


Potsdam, 


Arequipa, 


Jaroslavl, 


Nice, 


Washington, 


St. Jago, Cu. 


Alexandria, Eg. 


D. C. 


Cagliari, 


Algiers, 


Providence, 


Modena, 


Guamanga, 


Caraccas, 


Newcastle, Eng. 


Palembang, 


Maracaybo, 


Gottenburg, 


Alicant, 


Lucca, 


Cracow, 


Potosi, 


Bergen, 


Leith, 


Coblentz, 


Tours, 


Brest, 


Mantua, 


Louisville, 


Munich, 


Acre, 


Pittsburg, 


Cronstadt, 


Damietta, 


Cambridge, E. 


Geneva, 


Abomey, 


Oxford, E. 


Ratisbon, 


Tripoli, 


Christiania, 



13* 



150 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Havre. 

St. Paul, Bra. 

Leon, Gnat. 

Lintz, 

Pisa, 

Jerusalem, 

Khiva. 



Cape Town, 

Sympheropol, 

Lowell, 

Perth, 

St. Salvador, 

Congo. 
Sili stria, 
Cuen^a, 



Tatta, 

Irkutsk, 

Maranham^ 

Funchal, 

Rochester, 

Kelat, 

Guayaquil, 

Richmond, Va. 



Class 6. Containing Towns between Richmond 
and Neio Bedford i. e. between20fi00 and 12,000 
inhabitants. 



Troy, N. Y. 


Kiel, 


Natchitoches, 


Sassari, 


Aberdeen, 


Loango, 


Parimaribo, 


Bilboa, 


Badajos, 


Archangel, 


Athens, 


Tranquebar, 


Berne, 


Teflis, 


Utica, 


Syracuse, 


Constantino, Al. 


Mobile, 


L'Orient, 


La Rochelle, 


St. Johns, N. B, 


Mecca, 


Tangier, 


Valparaiso, 


Sydney, N. H. 


Port au Prince, 


Drontheim, 


Buffalo, 


St. ^Salvador, 


Cherson, 


Carthagena, Sp. 


Gua. 


Truxillo, 


Cherburg, 


Coimbra, 


Carlscrona, 


Newark, 


Napoli, 


Londonderry, 


Cholula, 


Tobolsk, 


Inverness, 


Basle, 


Monte Video, 


Borneo, 


St. Louis, Mo. 


St. Ubes, 


Timbuctoo, 


Angra, 


Hyderabad, 


Macao, 


Ponta del Gada, 


Rosetta. 


Serampore, 


St. Juan, B. A. 


— 


Inspruck, 


Guamanga. 


Cherson, 


Bastia, 


— 


Gibraltar, 


La Plata, or Chu- 


Portland, 


Braga, 


quisaca, 


Salem, 


Rochefort, 


New Bedford. 


Halifax, 


Salamanca, 




Matanzas, 


St. Johns, N. F. 





GENERAL REVIEW. 



151 



Class 7. Containing Towns betioeen New Bedford 
and Newbury 'port, i. e. between 12,000 and 7,000 
inhabitants. 



Charlestown, 

Savannah, 

Petersburg, Va. 

Trent, 

Zurich, 

Norfolk, Va. 

Springfield, Ms. 

Cape Haytien, 

Conception, 

Bencoolen, 

Panama, 

Cordova, B. A. 

Lausanne, 

Oran, 

Cape Coast, 

Mozambique, 

Coquimbo, 

Seringapatam, 

Mogadore, 

Bastia, 

Cumana, 

Amherst, India, 

Bornou, 



Stabroek, or 
Georgetown. 

Freetown, 

Hartford, 

Potosi, 

Gottingen, 

Sennaar, 

Tomsk, 

Detroit, 

Lynn, 

Nantucket, 

Roxbury, 

Hobart Town, 

Newburgh, 

Bangor, 

Kiel, 

Ceuta, 

Cambridge, 

Alexandria, 

D. C. 
Santa Cruz, 
Lancaster, 



Civita Vecchia, 
Newport, 
Ajaccio, 
Wilmington, 
Santiago, B. A. 
Villa Rica. 

Elsineur, 

xlssumption, 

Yakutsk, 

Jedda, 

Portsmouth, 

N H. 
W heeling, 
N. Brunswick, 
Taunton, 
Worcester, 
Georgetown, 

D. C. 
Vera Cruz, 
Lucerne, 
Nauvoo, 
Newburyport. 



Class 8. Containing Toions between Newbury- 
port and New Haven, i. e. between 7,000 and 



3.000 inhabitants. 



Callao, 

St. Louis, Af. 

Benjarmassin, 

Cobbe, 

Orenburg, 

Nashville, 

Lexington, Ky. 

Fall River, 



Schenectady, 
Augusta, Geo. 
Plattsburg, 
Dover, N H. 
Lynchburg, 
Gloucester, 
Medina, 
iColumbuSj 



Windsor, E. 

Harrisburg, 

Auburn, 

Hudson, 

Canandaigua, 

Marblehead, 

New London, 



152 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Augusta, Me. 

Andover, 

St. Martha, 

Steubenville, 

Plymouth, 

Bath, Me. 

Middleboro', 

Tampico, 

Upsal, 

Sidon, 

Mocha, 

Malacca, 

Barcelona, S. A. 

Valdivia, 

Toronto, 

Matamoras, 

Santa Fe, B. A 

Suez, 

Kingston, C. 

Corrientes, 

La Guayra. 

Concord, N. H. 

Dorchester, 

Zanesville, 



Oswego, 

Beverly, 

Chicago, 

Saco, 

Barnstable, 

Columbia, & C 

Haverhill, 

Brunswick, 

Burlington, Vt. 

Norwich, 

Fayetteville, 

Belfast, 

Trenton, 

Litchfield, 

Fahlun, (Swed.) 

Acapulco, 

Balize. 

Fredericksburg, 

Chilicothe, 

Northampton, 

Pittsfield, 

Sandwich, 

Montpelier, Vt. 

Dover, Del. 



Newbern, 

W. Springfield, 

Middletown, 

Natchez, 

Bennington, 

Bristol, 

Newton, 

Saratoga, 

Dedham, 

York, Me. 

Framingham, 

Princeton, 

Ipswich, 

Knoxville, 

Frankfort, 

Cayenne, 

Porto Bello, 

Axum, 

Candy, (Ceyl.) 

Monterey, 

Wilmington, - 

n. a 

Goree, 
New Haven. 



Class 9. Containing Towns smaller than New 
Haven : and having less than 3,000 inhabitants. 



Pensacola, 

Wells, 

Exeter, 

Eastport, 

N. Yarmouth, 

St. Charles, 

Newcastle, Del. 

Annapolis, 

Barre, 

Windsor, 

Indianapolis, 



HanoA r er, N. H. 
Amherst, Mass. 
Morzouk, 
Springfield, ///. 
Brookfield, 
St. Augustine, 
Alton, 
Chelsea, 
Wiscasset, 
Baton Rouge, 
Port Mahon, 



Raleigh, 

Milledgeville, 

Williamstown, 

Kiakta, 

Jefferson, 

Tripolitza, 

Bathurst. 

Deerfield, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Frankfort, 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



153 



Ware, 

Galena, 

Marietta, 

Frederickston, 

Concord, Mass. 

Greenfield, 

Harmony, 

Edgartown, 



Tallahassee, 
Jackson, Mo. 
Okotsk, 
Peoria, 
Lenox, 

Princeton, Mass. 
Machias, 
Madison, 



Castine. 

Shawneetown, 

Edwardsville, 

Arkansas, 

Derna, 

Reikiavik, 

Skalholt. 



The following places are either very small, or the 
number of inhabitants is unknown. 



Port Jackson, 

Audjelah, 

Siwah, 

Dongola, 

Villa da Orta, 

Lagos, 

Goa, 

Porto Praya, 

Missolonghi, 

Navarin, 

Corinth, 



Modon and Co- 

ron, 
Candia, 
Monrovia, 
Chinsura, 
Elmina, 
Sena and Tete, 
Yorktown, 
Corunna, 
Cheribon, 
La Valette, 



Kingkitao, 

Altorff, 

Trincomaly, 

Botany Bay, 

Latakoo, 

Zimbaoe, 

Wara, 

Cashna, 

Kouka, 

Zeyla, 

Avatska. 



DivisiOx\s of Water. 



SEAS. 
Arranged according to the extent of their surfaces* 



Chinese, 


Yellow, 


Aral* 


Caribbean, 


Black, 


White, 


Mediterranean, 


Caspian, 


Irish, 


Okotsk, 


North, 


Azoph, 


Arabian, 


Red, 


Cattegat, 


Bhering's, 


Baltic, 


Skager Rack, 


Japan, 


Archipelago, 


Zuyder Zee, 


Blue, 


Anadir, 


Marmora. 



# More properly a Lake, 



1.54 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 





LAKES. 




Arranged as nearly as possible according to their rela- 




Uve sizes. 




Superior, 


Onega, 


Constance, 


Huron, 


Maravi, 


Geneva, 


Tchad, 


Erie, 


Maggiore, 


Aral, 


Tchany, 


Garda, 


Maracaybo, 


Nicaragua, 


Winnipiseogee, 


Titicaca, 


Dembea, 


Palkati, 


Winnipeg, 


Wenner, 


St. Clair, 


Michigan, 


Woods, 


George, 


Baikal, 


Athapescow, 


Como, 


Ladoga, 


Champlain, 


Patos, 


Ontario, 


Borgne,^ 


Mirim, 


Slave, 


Pontchar train, * 
BAYS. 


Dibbie. 


Baffin's, 


James, 


Delagoa, 


Bengal, 


Penobscot, 


Passamaquod- 


Hudson's, 


Massachusetts, 


Ay, 


Biscay, 


Narraganset, 


Martaban, 


Honduras, 


Kotzebue's Inlet, 


St. Matthias and 


Campeachy, 


Fundy, 


St. George, 


Buenaventura, 


Raritan, 


Table, 


Chesapeake, 


Buzzard's, 


Cadiz, 


Delaware, 


Panama, 
GULFS. 


Naples. 


Guinea, 


Adel, 


Tonkin, 


Mexico, 


Venice, 


Ormus, 


Carpentaria, 


Bothnia, 


Obi, 


Corea, 


Siam, 


Genoa, 


California, 


St. Lawrence, 


Lyons, 


Persian, 


Finland, 


Guayaquil, 



More properly Gulfs or Bays. 



GENERAL REVIEW. 



155 



Riga, 
Salonica, 
Kara, 
Martaban, 



Sidra, 
Biafra, 
Cambay, 
Venezuela, 

STRAITS. 



Lepanto, 

Benin, 

Tarento. 



Note. The pupil should always be required to tell 
what Straits connect. 



Gibraltar, 

Davis, 

Bhering, 

Dardanelles, 

Dover, 

Babelmandel, 

Sunda, 



English, 
Tartary, 



Long Island, 
Q. Charlotte's, 



Magellan, 

The Sound, 

Messina, 

Hudson, 

Malacca, 

Kaffa, 

Belleisle, 

CHANNELS. 

George's, 
Mozambique, 

SOUNDS. 

Pamlico, 
Nootka, 

RIVERS. 



Macassar, 

Corea, 

Bass, 

Bonifacio, 

G. & L. Belt, 

Otranto. 



Bristol. 



Albemarle. 



Arranged according to their length, as far as it is 
known. 

First Class. More than 2,000 miles long. 

Mississippi, Lena, Madeira, 

Amazon, Mackenzie's, Arkansas, 

Missouri, Obi, Amour, 

Yang-tse-kiang, Hoangho, Volga, 

Nile, . La Plata,* Irtish, 

Niger, St. Lawrence, Cambodia. 



* With the Parana. 



156 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Second Class. Between 1,000 and 2,000 miles long. 



Parana, 


Xingu, 


Araguaya, 


Del Norte, 


St. Francisco, 


Pilcomayo, 


Indus, 


White, (Ark) 


Yellow Stone, 


Irawaddy, 


Saskashawan, 


Yermejo, 


Ganges, 


La Platte, 


Colorado, 


Danube, 


Lewis, 


Don, 


Columbia, 


Negro, 


Dneiper, 


Red, 


Para,^ 


Orange, 


Orinoco, 


Senegal, 


Zaire, 


Tungooska, 


Kansas, 


Zambeze, 


Burrampooter, 


Yupura, 


Bahr el Abiad. 


Euphrates, 


Topayos, 




Ohio, 


Tocantins, 




Third Class. 1 


between 500 and 


1,000 miles long. 


Churchill, 


Sihon or Jihon, 


Albany, 


Paraguay, 


Hoangkiang, 


Susquehanna, 


Tennessee, 


Gambia, 


Potomac, 


Magdalena, 


Utewas, 


Illinois, 


Multnoma. 


Clark's, 


Wabash, 


Salwen, 


Cumberland, 


Wachitta, 


Bahr el Azrek, 


Alabama, 


James, 


Salado, 


White, 


Roanoke, 


Uruguay, 


Cauca, 


Savannah, 


Rhine, 


Petchora, 


Tombigbee, 


Tigris, 


Elbe, 


Dniester, 


Nerbudda, 


Godavery, 


Loire, 


Meinam, 


Ucayale, 


Ural, 


Negro, 


Tacazze, 


Krishna. 


Dwina, 


Vistula, 




Tobol, 


Tagus, 




Fourth Class. 


From 200 to 5 


00 miles long. 


St. Johns, N. B. 


Great Pedee, 


Osage, 


Connecticut, 


Des Moines. Io. 

* With the Tocanuns 


San tee, 





GENERAL REVIEW. 


Ij 


Oder, 


Save, 


Weser, 


Duero, 


Nelson, 


Seine, 


Rhone, * 


Penobscot, 


Mesurado, 


Neva, 


Hudson, 


Moselle, 


Theiss, 


Alleghany, 


Mayne, 


Grande, 


Cape Fear, 


Tom, 


Delaware, 


Pearl, 


Coppermine, 


Kenhaway, 


Napo, 


Garonne, 


Altamaha, 


Duna, 


Guadalquivir, 


Yazoo, 


Niemen, 


St. Johns, Fl. 


Oliphants, 


Ebro, 


Tornea, 


Negro, 


Severn, 


Shannon, 


Meuse, 


Kennebec, 


Inn, 


Bog, 


Monongahela, 


Flint, 


Pruth, 


Kaskaskia, 


Juniata, 


Guadiana, 


Licking, 


Glommen, 


Po, 


Neuse, 


Adige, 


Drave, 


Onega, 


Merrimack. 


Apalachicola, 


Dahl, 




Fifth Class 


. Less than 20C 


miles long. 


Thames, 


Schuylkill, 


Lehigh, 


Scioto, 


Genesee, 


Onion, 


Ogechee, 


Iser, 


Sorel, 


Saco, 


Shenandoah, 


Passaic, 


Tar, 


Mohawk, 


Gauritz, 


Minho, 


Rappahannock, 


Mersey, 


Great Fish, 


Edisto, 


St. Clair, 


Housatonic, 


Miami, 


Piscataqua, 


Tiber, 


Arno, 


Oswego, 


Aar, 


St. Croix, 


Niagara. 


Androscoggin, 


Reuss, 





157 



Note. The teacher will not forget to try the addi- 
tional review described on page 142, after the list of 
Countries. 

14 



APPENDIX. 

CONTAINING MORE PARTICULAR QUESTIONS ON 
SOME OF THE MAPS. 



Since it is desirable that the pupil should be more 
thoroughly acquainted with his own State, than with any- 
other, and it is impossible, in a text-book like this, to be 
equally particular with every state, the author has here 
appended such questions in regard to Massachusetts as 
he thinks suitable for Massachusetts schools, and he 
trusts that, should this book be used in any of the other 
states, the teachers will take care to furnish their pupils 
with additional questions on the same plan.^ 

Questions on the Map of Massachusetts. 
Suffolk County. 

How many towns or cities are in Suffolk Coun- 
ty ? 

Which way does Chelsea lie from Boston 1 

What two Points at the mouth of Boston Har- 
bor? 

With what town is Boston proper connected by 
land? 

Under what division of land is Boston proper 
classed 1 

* Should there be a sufficient demand in any other State, the 
author, if requested, will prepare suitable questions for that 
State, and insert them instead of these questions on Massachu- 
setts. 



APPENDIX. 



159 



What other towns border on Boston Harbor, 
and what counties are they in 7 

Essex County. 

What State bounds Essex County on the north ? 

What ocean on the east ? 

What bay on the south ? 

What county on the west ? 

What four towns lie north of Merrimack River? 

What five towns touch the south bank of the 
Merrimack ? 

What town is the most easterly ? 

What towns lie on the sea-coast ? 

What towns border on Middlesex County ? 

What small peninsula, celebrated as a watering- 
place, is connected with Lynn 1 

How does Marblehead lie from Salem ? 

How is each of the following towns situated 1 



1. Salem, 

2. Lynn, 

3. Newburyp't, 

4. Gloucester, 

5. Marblehead, 


11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 


Ipswich, 

Salisbury, 

Rockport, 

Amesbury, 

Methuen, 


20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 

24. 


Manchester, 

Rowley, 

Saugus, 

Topsfield, 

Boxford, 


6. Andover, 


16. 


Bradford, 


25. 


Hamilton, 


7. Danvers, 

8. Beverly, 

9. Haverhill, 


17. 

18. 


West New- 
bury, 
Georgetown. 


26. 

27. 
28. 


Lynnfield, 

Wenham, 

Middleton. 


10. Newbury, 


19. 


Essex, 







The number affixed to these towns and to those in the 
following counties, indicate the relative population. 

A new series of questions may be made, if necessary, 
by asking the pupil to tell the direction of each town 
from the county town or from Boston. 

If the pupils are unable to do this without the map 
before them, let the map be used, and let them draw an 
outline of each county several times, marking the town 
lines. 



160 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, 



Middlesex County. 

What six towns of Middlesex County border on 
New Hampshire? 

What eleven towns border on Worcester Coun- 

What six towns border on Norfolk County ? 

What six towns border on Essex County ? 

What town contains a peninsula resembling 
Boston, and just north of it ? 

What rive towns lie on the Merrimack ? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 



1. Lowell, 

2. Charles- 

town, 

3. Cambridge, 

4. Newton, 

5. Framing- 

ham, 

6. Woburn, 

7. Maiden, 

8. Waltham, 

9. Medford, 

10. Hopkinton, 

11. Reading, 

12. Dracut, 

13. Groton, 

14. Marlboro', 

15. Townsend, 



16. Watertown, 

17. Concord, 

18. Holliston, 

19. Chelmsford, 

20. Lexington, 

21. Billerica, 

22. Pepperell, 

23. S. Reading, 

24. Somerville, 

25. Westford, 

26. Brighton, 

27. Sudbury, 

28. West Cam- 

bridge, 

29. Natick, 

30. Ashby, 

31. Stow, 



32. Acton, 

33. Weston, 

34. Stoneham, 

35. Wayland, 

36. Sherburne, 

37. Shirley, 

38. Bedford, 

39. Littleton, 

40. Tewksbury, 

41. Tyngsboro', 

42. Wilmington, 

43. Lincoln, 

44. Dunstable, 

45. Carlisle, 

46. Burlington, 

47. Boxboro'. 



Form more questions, as under Essex County. 
Norfolk County. 

What seven towns of Norfolk County lie on the 
sea-coast ? 

What seven towns, at the south, border on Ply- 
mouth or Bristol County 1 

What two towns touch Rhode Island ? 



APPENDIX. 



161 



17. Brookline, 

18. Foxboro', 

19. Sharon, 

20. Bellingham, 

21. Medfield, 

22. Dover. 



What town touches Worcester County? 

What seven towns border on Middlesex County ? 

What town is separated from the rest of the 
county? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 

1. Roxbury, 9. Stoughton, 

2. Dorchester, 10. Medway, 

3. Weymouth, 11. Canton, 

4. Quincy, 12. Milton, 

5. Dedham, 13. Franklin, 

6. Randolph, 14. Walpole, 

7. Wrentham, 15. Needham, 

8. Brain tree, 16. Cohasset, 
Form new questions, as under Essex County. 

Plymouth County. 

What six towns of Plymouth County border on 
Massachusetts Bay? 

What two border on Buzzard's Bay? 

What five border on Bristol County ? 

What four touch Norfolk County ? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 

1. Plymouth, 9. Bridgewater, 16. W. Bridge- 

2. Middleboro', 10. Wareham, water, 

3. Scituate, 11. E. Bridge- 17. Hanson, 

4. Rochester, water, 18. Carver, 

5. Hingham, 12. Marshrield, 19. Plympton, 

6. Abington, 13. Hanover, 20. Halifax, 

7. Duxbury, 14. Kingston, 21. Hull. 

8. N. Bridgew'r, 15. Pembroke, 

Form new questions, as under Essex County. 

Bristol County. 

What four towns have a sea-coast ? 
What six towns touch Plymouth County ? 
14* 



162 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



What three towns touch Norfolk County ? 
What seven towns border on Rhode Island ? 
In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 



1. New Bedford. 

2. Taunton, 

3. Fall River, 
Dartmouth, 
Fairhaven, 



Attleboro/ 
Westport, 



8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 



Pawtucket, 

Rehoboth, 

Easton, 

Seekonk, 

Freetown, 

Norton, 

Swansey, 



15. Mansfield, 

16. Dighton, 

17. Raynham, 

18. Somerset, 

19. Berkley. 



Form new questions, as under Essex County. 
Barnstable County. 

What water bounds Barnstable County on the 
north ? on the east ? on the south ? on the west ? 

To what county is it joined by land ? 

Under what division of land does it come ? 

What town is on the isthmus? 

In what town is Cape Cod ? Cape Malabar ? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 



1. Barnstable,. 

2. Sandwich, 

3. Dennis, 

4. Harwich, 

5. Falmouth, 



6. Yarmouth, 

7. Wellfleet, 

8. Chatham, 

9. Province- 

town, 



10. Orleans, 

11. Truro, 

12. Brewster, 

13. Eastham. 



Vary the questions, as under Essex County. 
Dukes County. 

Under what division of land does this county 
come ? 

What is the largest island ? what the second in 
size? 

What Sound separates the Elizabeth Isles from 
the town of Tisbury, to which they belong? 



APPENDIX. 163 

What is the western cape of Martha's Vineyard 
called? 

What harbor is at the north 1 
In what part of the island are 

1. Edgartown, |2. Tisbury, |3. Chilmark, 

Nantucket County. 

Under what division of land does this county 
come? 

How many towns are in this county ? 
On what part of the island is the town ? 
What cape of Barnstable County is it south of? 

Worcester County. 

What three towns of Worcester County border 
on New Hampshire ? 

What twelve towns border on Middlesex Coun- 
ty? 

What two towns touch Norfolk County ? 

What three towns border on Rhode Island? 

What four border on Connecticut ? 

What, two on Hampden County ? 

What five touch Hampshire County ? 

What four touch Franklin County ? 

In what direction does Miller's River run? 
Ware River? Quinebaug River? . Blackstone 
River ? Charles River ? Concord River ? Nashua 
River? 

In what part of the county is the highest land 
then? 

In what part of the county- are the following 
towns situated? 

1. Worcester, 5. Fitchburg, 9. Charlton, 

2. Mendon, 6. Brookfield, 10. Leominster, 

3. Grafton, T.Sutton, 11. Southbridge, 

4. Barre, 8. Millburyj 12. Lancaster, 



I 



164 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



13. Sturbridge, 

14. Uxbridge, 

15. Holden, 

16. Hardwick, 

17. Hubbards- 

ton, 

18. Templeton, 

19. Petersham, 

20. Milford, 

21. Winchendon 

22. Oxford, 

23. Leicester, 

24. Royalston, 

25. Westboro', 

26. Ashburn- 

ham, 



27. 
28. 

29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
33. 

34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 



Vary the questions, 



Sterling, 

Westmin- 
ster, 

Douglas, 

Spencer, 

Athol, 

Harvard, 

N. Brook- 
field, 

Shrewsbury, 

Upton, 

Northbridge, 

Webster, 

Dudley, 

Princeton, 

Warren, 

as in the case 



41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 
46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 
50. 
51. 
52. 

53. 
54. 
55. 

ofE 



Lunenburg, 
Gardner, 
Rutland, 
Northboro', 
W. Boylston, 
Bolton, 
Southboro', 
Oakham, 
Phillipston, 
Boylston, 
Berlin, 
New Brain- 
tree, 
Dana, 
Paxton, 
Auburn. 
ssex County. 



Hampshire County. 



What five towns border on Franklin County, 
west of Connecticut River? What four towns 
east of it ? 

What three towns touch Worcester County ? 

What four towns touch Hampden County, east 
of Connecticut River ? What four towns west of 
it? 

What four towns touch Berkshire County 1 

What two towns are on the east bank of the 
Connecticut ? 

What three towns on the western bank 1 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns situated ? 



1. Northampton, 

2. Belchertown, 

3. Amherst, 

4. Ware, 

5. Hadley, 

6. Middlefield, 



7. S. Hadley, 

8. Williamsb'g, 

9. Cumming- 

ton, 

10. Worthing- 

ton, 



11. Southamp- 

ton, 

12. Chesterfield, 

13. Enfield, 

14. Granby, 

15. Pelham, 



APPENDIX. 



165 



16. Hatfield, 20. Westhamp- 22. Easthamp- 

17. Plainfield, ton, ton, 

18. Greenwich, 21. Norwich, 23. Goshen. 

19. Prescott, 

Vary the questions, as in the case of Essex County. 

Hampden County. 

What four towns, west of Connecticut River, bor- 
der on Hampshire County ? What three, east of it, 
do the same 1 

What three towns border on Worcester County ? 

What five towns, east of Connecticut River, bor- 
der on the State of Connecticut? What four, west 
of it, do the same ? 

What three towns touch Berkshire County 1 

What single town occupies the western bank of 
the Connecticut ? What two towns on the eastern 
bank? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns situated ? 



1. Springfield, 

2. West Spring- 

field, 

3. Westfield, 

4. Monson, 

5. Palmer, 

6. Wilbraham, 



7. Chester, 

8. Blandford, 

9. Brimfield, 

10. Granville, 

11. Longmea- 

dow, 

12. Ludlow, 



13. South wick, 

14. Russell, 

15. Montgom- 

ery, 

16. Wales, 

17. Tolland, 

18. Holland. 



Vary the questions, as in the case of Essex County. 
Franklin County. 

What seven towns, west of Connecticut River, 
touch Vermont ? What two towns, east of it, touch 
New Hampshire ? 

What three towns border on Worcester County ? 

What four towns, east of the Connecticut, border 
on Hampshire County 'I What four, west of it, do 
the same ? 



166 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



What three towns border on Berkshire County 1 
What four towns lie on the eastern bank of the 

Connecticut ? What five towns lie on the western 

bank 7 

In what part of the county are the following 

towns ? 



1. Coleraine, 

2. Deerfield, 

3. Greenfield, 

4. Northfield, 

5. Ashfield, 

6. Orange, 

7. Conway, 

8. New Salem 

9. Montague, 

Vary the questions 



Charlemont, 

Buckland, 

Whateley, 

Warwick, 

Shelburne, 

Bernardston. 



Hawley, 
Heath, 



10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14 
15. 

16. Shutesbury,-j25. Erving, 

17. ~ 
18. 



19. Leverett, 

20. Wendell, 

21. Gill, 

22. Sunderland, 

23. Rowe, 

24. Leyden, 



26. Monroe. 



as in regard to Essex County. 



Berkshire County. 

What two towns of Berkshire County border 
on Vermont % 

What three towns border on Franklin County ? 

What five towns touch Hampshire County ? 

What three towns touch Hampden County 1 

What four towns border on Connecticut ] 

What seven border on the State of New York ? 

In what part of the county are the following 
towns ? 



1. Pittsfield, 


9. Tyringham, 


18. Egremont, 


2. Adams, 


10. Sandisfield, 


19. Washington, 


3. Great Bar- 


11. West Stock- 


20. Cheshire, 


rington, 


bridge, 


21. Hinsdale, 


4. Lee, 


12. Becket, 


22. Hancock, 


5. Sheffield, 


13. Lenox, 


23. Savoy, 


6. Williams- 


14. Dalton, 


24. Windsor, 


town, 


15. Otis, 


25. Peru, 


7. Stockbridge, 


16. Lanesboro', 


26. Alford, 


8. N. Marlboro', 


17. Richmond. 


27. Florida. 



APPENDIX, 



167 



28. Mt. Wash- 29. Clarksburg, 30. 
ington, 

Vary the questions as in former cases. 



New Ash- 
ford. 



The following Table contains the names of all the 
towns in Massachusetts, numbered according to their 
population. They are arranged in nine classes, that a 
general idea of their size may be formed. 

The best way to use this Table will be to name the 
towns in order, and require the pupils to tell in what 
county they are. When they are expert at this, they 
may be required to tell in what part of the county they 
are situated, and so grow more and more particular. 

First Class. Containing over 10,000 inhabitants. 



1. Boston, 

2. Lowell, 



|3. Salem, 

14. New Bedford. 



5. Charlestown, 

6. Springfield. 



Second Class. Containing between 1 0,000 and 5,000 
i?ihabitants. 



7. Lynn, 

8. Roxbury, 

9. Nantucket, 

10. Cambridge, 

11. Taunton, 



12. Worcester, 

13. Newbury- 

port, 

14. Fall River, 

15. Gloucester, 



16. Marblehead, 

17. Plymouth, 

18. Andover, 

19. Middleboro', 

20. Danvers. 



Third Class. Containing between 5,000 and 3,000 
inhabitants. 



21. Dorchester, 

22. Beverly, 

23. Haverhill, 

24. Barnstable, 

25. Dartmouth, 

26. Fairhaven, 

27. Scituate, 

28. Rochester, 

29. Newbury, 



31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 

36. 
37. 

38. 



30. Northamp'n, l 39. 



Pittsfield, 
Weymouth, 
Sandwich, 
Adams, 
W. Spring- 
field, 
Attleboro', 
Hingham, 
Westfield, 
Mendon, 



40. Quincy, 

41. Newton, 

42. Dedham, 

43. Abington, 

44. Randolph, 

45. Framing- 

ham, 

46. Ipswich. 



168 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY 



Fourth Class. Containing between 3,000 and 2,000 
inhabitants. 



47. Woburn, 

48. Grafton, 

49. Dennis, 

50. Harwich, 

51. Wrentham, 

52. Westport, 

53. Ehixbury, 

54. Barre, 

55. Salisbury, 

56. G. Barring- 

ton, 

57. Rockport, 

58. N. Bridge- 

water, 

59. Fitchburg, 

60. Falmouth, 

61. Yarmouth, 

62. Belcher- 

town, 

63. Amherst, 

64. Maiden, 



65. Waltham, 

66. Medford, 

67. Brookneld, 

68. Amesbury, 

69. Lee, 

70. Chelsea, 

71. Wellfleet, 

72. Sutton, 

73. Chatham, 

74. Sheffield, 

75. Methuen, 

76. Hopkinton, 

77. Bradford, 

78. Reading, 

79. Dracut, 

80. Pawtucket, 

81. Millbury, 

82. Rehoboth, 

83. Braintree, 

84. Williams- 

town, 



85. Monson, 

86. Stoughton, 

87. Groton, 

88. Palmer, 

89. Bridgewa- 

ter, 

90. Province- 

town, 

91. Charlton, 

92. Marlboro 7 , 

93. Easton, 

94. Leominster, 

95. Medway, 

96. South- 

bridge, 

97. Lancaster, 

98. Sturbridge, 

99. Uxbridge, 
100. Wareham. 



Fifth Class. Containing between 2,000 and 1,500 
inhabitants. 



101. Seekonk, 

102. Canton, 

103. Stockbr'ge, 

104. Orleans, 

105. Coleraine, 

106. E. Bridge- 

water, 

107. Truro, 

108. Deerfleld, 

109. Townsend, 

110. Ware, 

111. Holden, 



112. Hadley, 

113. Wilbra- 

ham, 

114. Milton, 

115. W r atertown, 

116. Hard wick, 

117. Concord, 

118. Hubbards- 

ton, 

119. Holliston, 

120. Templeton, 

121. Petersham, 



122. 
123. 
124 
125 
126 

127 
128, 
129. 
130. 
131. 
132. 



Milford, 

Freetown, 

Marshfield, 

Greenfield, 

W r inchen- 

don, 
Oxford, 
Edgartown, 
Franklin, 
Middletield, 
Leicester, 
Chelmsford, 



A.PPENBIX. 



169 



133. New Marl- 
boro', 
134 Northfield, 

135. Royalston, 

136. Westboro', 

137. Ashburn- 

bam, 

138. Sterling, 

139. Westmin- 

ster, 



140. Lexington, 

141. Chester, 

142. Billerica, 

143. Douglas, 

144. Ashfield, 

145. Spencer, 

146. Athol, 
147."Pepperell, 
148. Harvard, 



149. W. New- 

bury, 

150. Norton, 

151. George T., 

152. Brewster, 

153. Tisbury, 

154. S. Reading, 

155. Orange, 

156. Somerville. 



Sixth Class. Containing between 1,500 and 1,000 
inhabitants. 



157. Walpole, 178. 

158. Hanover, 179. 

159. Needham, 180. 

160. N. Brook- 181. 

field, 182. 

161. Swansey, 183. 

162. Shrews- 

bury, 184. 

163. Tyring- 

ham, 185. 

164. Cohasset, 186. 

165. Upton, 187. 

166. Sandisfield, 188. 

167. S. Hadley. 189. 

168. Essex, 190. 

169. North- 

bridge, 191. 

170. W. Stock- 192. 

bridge, 193. 

171. Kingston, 194. 

172. Westford, 195. 

173. Blandford, 196. 

174. Brighton, 

175. Sudbury, 197, 

176. Brimfield, 198. 

177. Granville, 199. 

15 



Conway, 
Webster, 
Mansfield, 
Dighton, 
Brookline, 
W. Cam- 
bridge, 
Manches- 
ter, 
Dudley, 
Princeton, 
Becket, 
Raynham, 
Lenox, 
Williams- 
burg, 
New Salem, 
Foxboro', 
Warren, 
Natick, 
Lunenburg, 
Longmead- 

ow, 
Ludlow, 
Rutland, 
Gardner, 



200. 
201. 
202. 
203. 
204. 
205. 

206. 
207. 

208. 
209. 

210. 

211. 

212. 
213. 
214. 

215. 
216. 
217. 

218. 



Pembroke, 

Montague, 

Dal ton, 

Northboro', 

Ashby, 

Cumming- 
ton, 

Stow, 

Southwick, 

Rowley, 

W. Bridge- 
water, 

Worthing- 
ton, 

W. Boyls- 
ton, 

Bolton, 

Otis, 

Southamp- 
ton, 

Southboro', 

Lanesboro', 

Chester- 
field, 

Charie- 
mont, 



170 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



219. Acton, 

220. Saugus, 

221 . Richmond, 

222. Weston, 

223. Buckland, 

224. Sharon, 



225. Whateley, 

226. Warwick, 

227. Topsfield, 

228. Belling- 

ham, 

229. Hanson, 



230. Oakham, 

231. Egremont, 

232. Shelburne, 
2331 Stoneham, 
234. Somerset. 



Seventh Class. Containing between 1,000 and 700 
inhabitants. 



235. Wayland, 


246. Pelham, 


259. 


Windsor, 


236. Sherburne, 


247. Eastham, 


260. 


Heath, 


237. Carver, 


248. Russell, 


261. 


Berkley, 


238. Bernards- 


249. Hinsdale, 


262. 


Medfield, 


ton, 


250. Boxford, 


263. 


Wendell, 


239. Washing- 


251. Hatfield, 


264. 


Leverett, 


ton, 


252. Bedford, 


2.65. 


Tyngsboro, 


2407Shutesbury, 


253. Littleton, 


266. 


Wilming- 


241. Cheshire, 


254. Hancock, 




ton, 


242. Hawley, 


255. Phillipston, 


267. 


Plympton, 


243. Enfield, 


256. Savoy, 


268. 


Greenwich, 


244. Granby, 


257. Plainfield, 


269. 


Hamilton. 


245. Shirley, 


258. Tewksb'ry, 






Eighth Class. 


Containifig betw 
inhabitants. 


sen 


r00 and 500 


270. Gill, 


279. Sunder- 


2S9. 


Middleton, 


271. Boylston, 


land, 


290. 


Auburn, 


272. Prescott, 


280. Easthamp- 


291. 


Leyden, 


273. Berlin, 


tori, 


292. 


Tolland, 


274. Westhamp- 


281. Lynnfield, 


293. 


Dunstable, 


ton, 


282. Rowe, 


294. 


Peru, 


275. New Brain- 


283. Chilmark, 


295. 


Goshen, 


tree, 


284. Dana, 


296. 


Carlisle, 


276. Norwich, 


285. Wenham, 


297. 


Dover, 


277. Montgome- 


286. Lincoln, 


298. 


Burlington. 


ry* 


287. Wales, 






278. Halifax, 


2S8. Paxton, 







APPENDIX. 



171 



Ninth Class. Containing less than 500 inhabitants. 



299. Alford, 

300. Florida, 

301. Mt. Wash- 

ington, 



302. Boxboro', 

303. Holland, 

304. Clarksburg. 

305. Erving, 

COUNTIES. 



306. Monroe, 

307. Hull, 

308. N. Ashford. 



Rank of Counties, accor- 
ding to the No. of Towns. 

1. Worcester, 55 towns. 

2. Middlesex, 46 " 

3. Berkshire, 30 " 

4. Essex, 28 " 

5. Franklin, 26 « 

6. Hampshire, 23 " 

7. Norfolk, 22 " 

8. Plymouth, 21 " 

9. Bristol, 19 " 

10. Hampden, 18 " 

11. Barnstable, 13 " 

12. Dukes, 3 " 

13. Suffolk, 2 " 

14. Nantucket, 1 " 



Rank according to Pop- 
ulation. 

1. Middlesex, 

2. Suffolk, 

3. Worcester, 

4. Essex. 

5. Bristol, 

6. Norfolk, 

7. Plymouth, 

8. Berkshire. 

9. Hampden, 

10. Barnstable, 

11. Hampshire, 

12. Franklin. 

13. Nantucket, 

14. Dukes. 



Over 
90,000. 



Over 
40,000. 



Over 

f 28,000. 

Under 
10,000. 



Besides the above Exercise upon the Counties and 
Towns, the teacher may take the whole map and ask 
questions such as these : 

Which county has the largest surface ? Which 
the smallest ? 

What three considerable rivers run north ? • 
What four considerable rivers run south 1 
What six considerable rivers run east ? 
What three considerable rivers run west 1 
What mountains separate the valley of the Con- 
necticut from that of the Housatonick ? 

An excellent way to make the pupils familiar with 
the names of the towns, is to let the class in turn name 



172 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

a town as long as they can. Then let them be required 
not only to name it, but to tell in what part of the State 
it is. Finally, let one name a town, and the next be re- 
quired to name another beginning with the same letter, 
or with the last letter of the one named. 



| On the Map of Connecticut. 

I 

(See Map No. 3.) 

1. Into how many counties is Connecticut 
divided ? 

2. What county is in the northwest? north- 
east ? 

3. What county in the southwest ? southeast ? 

4. What county east of Litchfield) west of 
Windham? 

5. What county west of New London ? west of 
Middlesex ? 

6. In what counties is there a range of moun- 
tains ? 

7. What large river divides the State into two 
nearly equal portions ? 

8. What is the largest river west of the Con- 
necticut ? 

9. What is the largest river east of the Con- 
necticut? 

10. What are the two largest sources of the 
Thames? 

11. Into what body of water do the rivers of 
Connecticut empty ? 

12. What canal connects New Haven with 
Northampton in Massachusetts ? 

Toivns which have not been already mentioned on 
the maj) of the United States. 

Stoningto?i y a commercial town in the south- 
east. 



APPENDIX. 173 

Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut. 

Farmington, west of Hartford, whence the 
canal is named. 

Weathers field, south of Hartford. 

Stafford, where are mineral springs, in the north 
of Tolland County. 

Groton, between Stonington and New London. 

Fairfield and Noricalk, in the south of Fairfield 
County. 

Note. On this map, as on those of R. Island, Maine, 
New Hampshire, and Vermont, the county town of each 
county, may be asked, and the pupil will know it by its 
being printed in Roman or upright characters. 

Reversed Qtiestiojis on the Map of Connecticut. 

1. What county lies east of Hartford County? 
west of Hartford County ? What two counties lie 
south of Hartford County ? What county west of 
New Haven? What county east of Middlesex 
County ? What county north of New London 
County ? 

2. Where is Connecticut River ? The Housa- 
tonic ? The Thames ? The Quinebaug and She- 
tucket ? Where is the Farmington Canal ? 

3. Where is Stonington? Saybrook? Farming- 
ton? Weathersfleld ? Stafford? Groton ? Fair- 
field and Norwalk? 



On the Map of Rhode Island. 

{See Map No. 3.) 

1. Into how many counties is Rhode Island 
divided ? 

2. What county is in the north ? In the south- 
east ? 

3. What county in the southwest? 

15* 



174 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

4. What comity between Washington and Prov- 
idence Counties? 

5. What county east of Kent County and north- 
west of Newport County ? 

6. What bay divides the State ? 

7. What point or cape southeast of Washington 
County 1 

8. What small bay, east of Bristol County, 
receives the waters of Taunton River from Massa- 
chusetts ? 

A. Mount Hope Bay. 

9. What is the largest island in Narraganset 
Bay? 

1 0. What is the largest island west of Rhode 
Island? 

11. What island south of Washington County ? 

12. What river comes from Worcester County 
in Massachusetts and falls into Narraganset Bay? 

13. What canal extends from the head of Nar- 
raganset Bay to Worcester in Massachusetts ?. 

Toivns. 

Providence, in the southwest, at the head of the 
bay. (Marked on the Map by No. 1.) 
Netoport, on the island of Rhode Island. 
Bristol, (No. 3,) on a peninsula in the bay. 
Warren, (No. 4 ; ) north of Bristol. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Rhode Island. 

1. What county joins Massachusetts on the 
southeast ? 

2. What county north of the island of Rhode 
Island ? 

3. What county west of Bristol County in the 
centre of the State ? What county north of Kent ] 
south of Kent ? 

4. Where is Narraganset Bay ? Mount Hope 
Bay? 



APPENDIX. 175 

5. Where is Point Judith ? 

6. Where is R. Island 7 Connanicut Island? 
Block Island] 

7. Where is Pawtucket River? Blackstone 
Canal? 

8. Where is Providence ? Newport ? Bristol ? 
Warren ? 



On the Map of Maine. 
{See Map No, 10.) 

1. What territory bounds Maine on the north- 
east ? What on the northwest ? 

2. Which of the United States does it touch on 
the southwest? What bounds the State on the 
south? 

3. In what condition is much of the northern 
part of the State ? 

4. What county is in the southeast of Maine ? 
In the southwest ? east of York ? north of York 
and Cumberland? west of Washington ? north- 
west of Hancock ? west of Penobscot ? south of 
Somerset and east of Oxford ? southeast of Penob- 
scot and Hancock ? south of Kennebec and Waldo ?- 

Bays. 

5. What bay between Maine and New Bruns- 
wick ? 

6. What bay, near the centre of the sea-coast, 
between Waldo and Hancock Counties? 

7. What bay east of Cumberland County ? 

Islands. 

8. What island west of Frenchman's Bay in 
Hancock County ? 

9. What island at the entrance of Passama- 
qiioddy Bay ? 



176 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

10. What three islands in Penobscot Bay are 
named on the map 7 

Rivers. 

11. What river separates the southeast of Maine 
from New Brunswick ? 

12. What river separates the southwest of Maine 
from New Hampshire ? 

13. What river rises in the north of the State 
and runs through Penobscot County into Penob- 
scot Bay ? 

14. What two rivers unite at Wiscasset in Lin- 
coln County and fall into a bay ? 

15. What river from N. Hampshire runs through 
York County into the ocean ? 

Lakes. 

16. What lakes are connected with St. Croix 
River ? 

17. What lake in Cumberland County ? 

Towns not before mentioned on the Map of the 
U. States. 

Bath, south of Wiscasset, below the confluence 
of the Kennebec and Androscoggin. 

Hallowett, just south of the capital, Augusta, on 
the Kennebec. 

Waterville, on the Kennebec, north of Augusta. 

Kennebunk, a seaport in York County 1 

Gardiner, on the Kennebec, south of Hallowell. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Maine. 

1. What county is east of Hancock? north of 
Hancock and Waldo ? northeast of Lincoln ? 
southeast of Oxford ? southwest of Cumberland ? 
north of Kennebec ? between Penobscot and Ox- 
ford? 

2. Where is Passamaquoddv Bay ? Penobscot 
Bay? Casco Bay? 



APPENDIX. 177 

3. Where is Mt. Desert Island ? Deer, Long 
and Fox Isles 1 

4. Where is the St. Croix ? Saco ? Penobscot? 
Androscoggin 1 Kennebec 1 

5. Where are Schoodic Lakes ? Sebago Lake ? 

6. Where is Bath? Hallo well ? Waterville? 
Kennebunk? Gardiner? 



On the Map of New Hampshire. 
{See Map No. 10) 

1. Into how many counties is New Hampshire 
divided ? 

2. What county is at the north ? 

3. What county is at the southeast ? 

4. W r hat county between Rockingham and 
Cheshire? 

5. What county north of Cheshire ? north of 
Sullivan? 

6. What county north of Hillsborough ? north- 
east of Merrimack ? What county borders on the 
Atlantic ? What on Lower Canada ? 

7. What mountains have their highest summits 
in Coos County? 

8. What lake near the centre of Strafford Coun- 
ty? 

9. What lake on the border of Coos County and 
Maine ? 

10. What lake furnishes one source of Connecti- 
cut River ? 

Rivers. 

11. What river separates New Hampshire from 
Vermont ? 

12. What river rises in Grafton County and 
runs south through Merrimack and Hillsborough 
Counties into Massachusetts ? 



178 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

13. What river has its chief source in Umba- 
gog Lake, and runs through Coos County into 
Maine? 

14. What river rises among the White Moun- 
tains and runs a southeasterly course into Maine'? 

15. What river rises east of Lake Winnipiseo- 
gee, and runs into the ocean between Maine and 
New Hampshire? 

Toxons not before mentioned in Questions on the 
United States Map. 

Keene, on a small branch of the Connecticut, in 
Cheshire County. 

Amherst, in Hillsborough County, on a branch 
of the Merrimack. 

Londonderry, in the west of Rockingham 
County. 

16. What cluster of small islands lie on the sea- 
coast of Rockingham County ? 

•Reversed Questio?is on the Map of Neio Hamp- 
shire. 

1. What county lies southwest of Coos? what 
southeast? What southwest of Grafton? south 
of Sullivan? east of Sullivan? south of Merri- 
mack ? east of Grafton ? southeast of Strafford and 
Merrimack ? 

2. Where are the White Mountains ? 

3. Where is Lake Winnipiseogee ? Umbagog 
Lake ? Connecticut Lake ? 

4. Where is the River Connecticut? Merri- 
mack? Androscoggin? Saco? Piscataqua? 

5. Where is Keene ? Amherst ? Londonderry 1 



APPENDIX. 179 

On the Map of Vermont. 

{See Map No. 10. > 

1. What British Province lies north of Ver- 
mont ? 

2. What county in the northwest of the State? 

3. What county in trie northeast? southeast? 
southwest ? east of Franklin ? south of Frank- 
lin ? 

4. What county south of Chittenden, on the 
lake ? south of Addison ? north of Windham ? 

5. What county north of Windsor County ? 
northwest of Orange ? southeast of Orleans 3 

Note. The islands of Lake Champlain form a coun- 
ty called Grand Isle ; the two largest islands are called 
North and South Hero, 

6. What lake lies partly in Lower Canada and 
partly in Orleans County? 

7. What river forms the eastern boundary of 
Vermont ? 

8. What river rises in Washington County and 
runs a northwesterly course into Lake Cham- 
plain ? 

9. What river rises in the south of Rutland 
County, and runs northwest through Addison 
County into Lake Champlain ? 

10. What river from Massachusetts crosses the 
southwest corner of Vermont and falls into Hud- 
son River ? 

11. What are the three largest branches of the 
Connecticut in Vermont ? 

Towns not before mentioned in Questions on the 
United States Map. 

Brattleboro\ in the southeast corner of the State, 
on the Connecticut. 



180 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Middlebury ', the seat of a college, on Otter 
Creek. 

Vergennes, near the mouth of Otter Creek. 

St. Albans, in Franklin County, between Misis- 
que and Lamoile Rivers. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Vermont. 

1. What does Vermont lie south of? 

2. What county is west of Orleans ? east of Or- 
leans? southwest of Essex? south of Caledonia? 
northwest of Caledonia ? west of Washington ? 
west of Orange? south of Orange? west of Wind- 
sor? south of Windsor? west of Windham? 
What constitutes Grand Isle County ? 

3. Where is Lake Memphremagog? 

4. Where is Connecticut River ? Onion ? Otter 
Creek ? the Hoosack ? White, Black and Pasum- 
sic Rivers ? 

5. Where is Brattleboro' ? Middlebury ? Ver- 
gennes ? St. Albans ? 



On the Map of New York. 

{See Map No. 10.) 

1. From what British province is New York 
nearly separated by water ? 

2. Into how many counties is New York 
divided ? 

A. Into nearly sixty. 

Note. The great number of counties in the great 
Middle States and in Virginia and Ohio, renders it im- 
possible for them to be noticed separately ; and indeed 
this is unnecessary, for they can be more effectually 
taught by questions from the map. These questions, 
however, are so contrived as necessarily to draw the 
attention of the pupil to the principal counties. 



APPENDIX. 181 

Lakes. 

3. What two immense lakes form part of the 
northern and western boundary of the State ? 

4. What lake separates the north part of the 
State from Vermont ? 

5. What lake lies west of the south end of Lake 
Champlain in Warren County ? 

6. What lake lies south of the east end of Lake 
Ontario, partly in Oswego County 1 

7. What lake in Onondago County, southwest 
of Oneida Lake ? 

8. What lake west of Skeneateles Lake ? 
A. Owasco. 

9. What lake between Cayuga and Seneca 
Counties ? 

10. What lake west of Seneca County ? 

11. Which is the largest lake in Ontario Coun- 
ty 1 

12. What irregular lake in Steuben County ? 
A. Crooked Lake. 

13. What range of mountains has its chief ele- 
vations in Greene County ? 

14. What large island, belonging to New York, 
extends eastward as far as Rhode Island? 

15. What other island, west of Long Island, 
helps form the harbor of New York city ? 

16. What island divides the river that connects 
the great lakes Erie and Ontario 1 

Rivers. 

17. What river has most of its sources in Essex 
and Hamilton Counties, and runs nearly south 
into the Atlantic Ocean 1 

18. What small river has its source in Franklin 
County, and runs through Clinton County into 
Lake Champlain? 

19. What river rises in Herkimer and Hamilton 
Counties, and runs north and west into the east 
end of Lake Ontario ? 

16 • 



182 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

20. What river rises northeast of Oneida Lake, 
and runs an easterly course into the Hudson 1 

21. What river, coming from the west, connects 
several considerable lakes, and uniting with the 
Oswego, runs north into Lake Ontario ? 

22. What river rises in Potter County, Pennsyl- 
vania, and runs north, through Alleghany, Liv- 
ingston and Monroe Counties into Lake Ontario 2 

23. What river rises in Alleghany County, and 
runs through Cattaraugus County into Pennsylva- 
nia? 

24. What river rises in a small lake in Otsego 
County, and runs through Broome and Tioga 
Counties into Pennsylvania % 

25. What river rises in Steuben County, and 
running east, unites with the Susquehanna in 
Pennsylvania 1 

26. What river rises near the Catskill Moun- 
tains, in Delaware County, and for several miles 
forms the boundary between New York and Penn- 
sylvania ? 

27. What river, coming from Massachusetts and 
Vermont, enters the Hudson above the mouth of 
the Mohawk 7 

Towns not before mentioned in Questions on the 
United States Map. 

Whitehall, where the northern canal joins Lake 
Champlain. 

Lansingburg, north of Troy. 

Ballston and Saratoga, famous for their min- 
eral springs, west of the Hudson, in Saratoga 
County. 

Rome, on the Erie Canal, nearly west of Utica. 

Ogdensbnrg, on the St. Lawrence, in Lawrence 
County. 

Sachets Harbor, in Jefferson County, on Lake 
Ontario. 



APPENDIX. 183 

Auburn, at the north end of Lake Owasco, in 
Cayuga County. 

Geneva, at the north end of Cayuga Lake, in 
Ontario County. 

Oswego, at the mouth of Oswego River, on Lake 
Ontario. 

Batavia, in Genesee County, on Tonne wonta 
River. 

Lockport, in Niagara County, on the Erie 
Canal 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Neio York. 

1. How does Canada lie from New York? 

2. How does Lake Ontario lie from New York 7 
How Lake Erie ? How Lake Champlain ? Where 
is Lake George? Oneida? Skeneateles? Owasco? 
Seneca ? Cayuga ? Crooked Lake ? Canandaigua 
Lake ? 

3. Where is the Hudson? Saranac ? Black? 
Mohawk? Seneca? Oswego? Genesee? Allegha- 
ny? Susquehanna? Tioga? Delaware? Hoo- 
sac? 

4. Where is Whitehall? Lansingburg? Balls- 
ton and Saratoga ? Rome ? Ogdensburg ? Sacket's 
Harbor? Auburn? Geneva? Oswego? Batavia? 
Lockport ? 



On the Map of New Jersey. 
{See Map No. 10.) 

1. What part of New Jersey is bounded by New 
York ? by the Hudson ? by the Atlantic ? by Del- 
aware Bay ? by Delaware River ? 

2. Into how many counties is it divided ? 
A. 13. 

3. What county is most southerly ? most north- 



184 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

erly 1 north of Cape May County ? north of Cum- 
berland County? southeast of Sussex County 1 
southwest of Sussex County? south of Sussex 
County ? east of Morris County ? north of Cum- 
berland County? north of Gloucester County? 
west of Cumberland and Gloucester County ? east 
of Burlington County? northwest of Monmouth 
County ? southeast of Warren County ? between 
Middlesex and Hunterdon County? 

4. What point of land lies south of the narrows 
or passage between Long and Staten Islands ? 

A. Sandy Hook. 

5. What bay between Sandy Hook and Staten 
Island ? 

A. Raritan Bay. 

6. What river rises west of Essex County and 
runs through it into Newark Bay ? 

7. What river rises near the northern frontier 
and runs south into Newark Bay ? 

A. Hackensac. 

8. What river rises in Morris County and runs 
south and west into Raritan Bay ? 

Towns, not mentioned in Questions on Map of 

U. States. 

Patterson, on the Passaic, at the falls, in Bergen 
County. 

Elizabeth Town, south of Newark, in Essex 
County. 

Morristown, in Morris County. 

Hackensac, in Bergen County, on Hackensac 
River. 

Bordentown, Burlington, Mt. Holley, in Burling- 
ton County, south of Trenton. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of New Jersey. 

1. Where is Sandy Hook ?- 

2. Where is Raritan Bay 1 



APPENDIX. 185 

3. Where is Passaic River ? Hackensac ? Rar- 
itan? 

4. Where is Patterson ? Elizabeth Town ? Mor- 
ristown? Hackensac? Bordentown, Burlington 
and Mt. Holley 1 

On the Map of Pennsylvania. 
(See Map No. 10.) 

1. What lake forms part of the northern boun- 
dary of Pennsylvania? 

2. What two states form the western boun- 
dary ? 

3. What three states form the southern boun- 
dary ? 

4. What two states form the eastern boun- 
dary? 

5. What mountains in the east, between Berks 
and Schuylkill Counties ? 

6. What mountains in the west, between Som* 
erset and Bedford Counties ? 

7. What range of mountains west of Perry and 
Franklin Counties ? 

Rivers. 

8. What river enters the north of the State in 
Bradford County, crosses the State and enters Ma- 
ryland between York and Lancaster Counties ? 

9. What river rises in New York, and forms the 
whole eastern boundary of Pennsylvania ? 

10. What river enters the northern part of the 
State in Warren County, unites with another river 
in Alleghany County, and becomes one source of 
the Ohio? 

11. What river from Virginia enters the south 
part of the State in Fayette County, and uniting 
with another river in Alleghany County, becomes 
a source of the Ohio ? 

16* 



186 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

12. What river rises in the Alleghany Moun- 
tains and runs a nearly easterly course into the 
Susquehanna 1 

13. What large branch, after an easterly course, 
joins the Susquehanna in Northumberland Conn- 

14. "W hat river rises in the Blue Mountains of 
Berks County and runs a southeasterly course by 
Philadelphia into the Delaware 1 

15. What river in Northampton County runs a 
southeasterly course into the Delaware below 
Easton 1 

Towns, besides those noticed in the Questions on 
the Map of the United States. 

Reading, capital of Berks County, on the 
Schuylkill'. 

Easton, capital of Northampton County, at the 
junction of the Lehigh and Delaware. 

Bethlehem, in Northampton County, on the Le- 
high, settled by the Moravians. 

Carlisle, in Cumberland County, the seat of 
Dickinson College. 

Meadville, the seat of a small college, on a 
branch of the Alleghany. 

York, in York County, on a small branch of the 
Susquehanna. 

Germantown, in Philadelphia County, just north 
of Philadelphia city. 

Chambersbiirg, in Franklin County, on a small 
branch of the Potomack. 

Columbia, in Lancaster County, west of Lan- 
caster, on the east bank of the Susquehanna. 

Simbury, in Northumberland County, just below 
the junction of the east and west branches of the 
Susquehanna. 

Erie or PresquHle, a port formed by a small 
peninsula on Lake Erie. 



APPENDIX. 187 

Revei'sed Questions on the Map of Pennsylvania. 

1. What county borders on one of the great 
lakes 1 

2. Where are the Bine Mountains? Alleghany 
Mountains ? Tuscarora Mountains ? 

3. Where is the Susquehanna ? Delaware ? Al- 
leghany? Monongahela? Juniata? West Branch? 
Schuylkill? Lehigh? 

4. Where is Reading ? Easton ? Bethlehem ? 
Carlisle? York? Germantown ? Chambersburg 7 
Columbia? Sunbury? Erie or Presqir ile ? 

On the Map of Delaware. 
(See Map No. 10.) 

1. How many counties are there in Delaware? 
Which county is south? Which north? Wliich 

central? 

2. What cape lies west of Sussex County ? 

3. What two creeks, or small rivers, rise in 
Chester County, Pennsylvania, enter Delaware at 
the north, then unite and fall into the Delaware ? 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Delaware. 

Where is New Castle County ? Sussex County ? 
Kent County ? Where is Cape Henlopen ? Bran- 
dy wine and Christiana Creeks ? 

On the Map of Maryland. 
(Sec Map No. 10.) 

1. What state bounds Maryland on the north? 
on the west and south ? What, besides Delaware, 
bounds it on the east? 



188 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

2. What bay divides the state from north to 
south? What river almost entirely separates the 
western division from Virginia ? 

3. What large river from the north has its mouth 
in Harford County at the head of Chesapeake 
Bay? 

4. What small river rises in Baltimore County, 
and runs southeast by Baltimore into Chesapeake 
Bay ? 

5. What river rises in Ann Arundel County 
and runs nearly south into Chesapeake Bay ? 

Towns, in addition to Annapolis its capital, and 
Baltimore its largest town. 

Easton, in Talbot County, on the eastern shore. 

Fredericktown, in Frederic County, on a branch 
of the Potomack. 

Hagerstown, in Washington County, on a branch 
of the Potomack. 

Cumberland, in Alleghany County. 

Note. The famous Cumberland road, made by the 
United States Government, extends from this town to 
Wheeling on the banks of the Ohio. 

Elkton, in Cecil County, on Elk River, which is 
connected by Back Creek with the great Chesa- 
peake and Delaware Ship Canal. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Maryland. 

1. In what part of the state is Susquehanna 
River? Patapsco? Patuxent? Elk? 

2. Where is Fredericktown ? Hagerstown ? Eas- 
ton? Cumberland? Elkton? 



appendix. 189 

On the Map of Virginia. 
{See Map No. 10.) 

Note. Virginia contains more than 100 counties, a 
county sometimes not containing any considerable town. 
In this respect the counties resemble the townships of 
Massachusetts, which often contain several considerable 
villages. 

1. What two counties of Virginia are on the 
eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay ? 

2. What cape is at the south of Northampton 
County ? 

3. What cape north of Princess Ann County ? 

4. What is the eastern ridge of mountains run- 
ning through the state called'? What the west- 
ern? 

Rivers. 

5. What two rivers, between the James and the 
oanoke, unite to form 

into Albemarle Sound ? 



Roanoke, unite to form the Chowan, which flows 



Note. The Meherrin is improperly called the Chow- 
an on our map of the Middle States. 

6. What river rises between the Blue and Alle- 
ghany ridges of mountains, and runs a northeast- 
erly course into the Potomack? 

7. What river forms part of the western bounda- 
ry of Virginia, and runs a northerly course into the 
Ohio? 

8. What river rises in Lewis County, and runs 
northwesterly through Wood County into the 
Ohio? 

9. What river has its principal sources in Ran- 
dolph county, and runs north into Pennsylvania ? 

10. What river rises in Campbell County, and 
runs east by Petersburg into James River ? 



190 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Towns not before noticed. 

Winchester, in Frederic County, where are 
mineral springs. 

Portsmouth, in Norfolk County, opposite Nor- 
folk, on Elizabeth River. 

Charlottesville, in Albemarle County, the seat 
of the Virginia State University. 

Note. Near this town is Monticello, the estate of the 
late President Jefferson. 

Lynchburg, on James river, west of Richmond. 

Reversed Questions on the Map of Virginia. 

1. Where are Accomac and Northampton Coun- 
ties? 

2. Where is Cape Charles ? Cape Henry ? 

3. The Blue Ridge of mountains? The Alle- 
ghany ridge? 

4. Where are the Meherrin and Nottoway, and 
of what river are they the sources ? 

5. Where is the Shenandoah ? Big Sandy river ? 
Little Kenhawa ? Monongahela ? Appomattox ? 

6. Where is Winchester? Portsmouth? Char- 
lottesville? Wheeling? 

On the Map of Ohio. 
(See Map No. 10.) 

1. Which of the great lakes forms part of the 
northern boundary of Ohio ? 

2. What considerable bay in Sandusky County 
at the north ? 

Rivers. 

3. What river, formed by the union of St. 
Joseph and St. Mary rivers in Indiana, flows 



APPENDIX. 191 

through Paulding, Henry and Wood Counties into 
Lake Erie? 

4. What river rises in Richland County, and 
runs north into Sandusky bay ? 

5. What small river rises in Richland County, 
and runs through Huron County into Lake Erie ? 

6. What river rises in Geauga County, flows 
south into Portage County, and then north into 
Lake Erie at Cleveland? 

7. What river rises in Portage County, runs 
east into Pennsylvania, and then south into the 
Ohio, at Beavertown? 

8. What river rises in Trumbull County, and 
runs through Ashtabula and Geauga County into 
Lake Erie ? 

9. What river rises south of the sources of the 
river that falls into Lake Erie, and runs south- 
easterly through Washington Count v into the 
Ohio? 

10. What river rises in Hardin County, and 
runs nearly south through Scioto County into the 
Ohio? 

11. What river, between the Muskingum and 
Scioto, runs through Athens County into the Ohio ? 

12. What river rises in Logan County, and run- 
ning a south-westerly course falls into the Ohio, at 
the south-west corner of the State ? 

13. What smaller river runs parallel with the 
Great Miami, and falls into the Ohio in Hamilton 
County? 

Towns not before mentioned. 

Dayton^ in Montgomery County, on the Great 
Miami. 

St. Clairville, in Belmont County, on a small 
creek that falls into the Ohio near Wheeling. 

Urbanna, in Champaign County, near a source 
of the Great Miami. 



192 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Circleville, in Pickaway County, on the Scioto, 
north of Chilicothe. 

Gallipolis, in Gallia County, on the Ohio. 

Portsmouth, in Scioto County, near the junction 
of the Scioto and Ohio. 

Cleveland, near the mouth of the Cuyahoga, in 
Cuyahoga County. 

Athens, in Athens County, on the Hockhocking. 

Revised Questions on the Map of Ohio. 

1. Where is Sandusky Bay? 

2. Where is the river Maumee? Sandusky? 
Huron ? Cuyahoga ? Great Beaver 7 Grand ? 
Muskingum? Scioto? Hockhocking? Great Mi- 
ami? Little Miami? 

3. Where are Dayton? St. Clairville ? Urbanna? 
Circleville? Gallipolis? Portsmouth? Cleveland? 
Athens ? 



General Questions on the United States. 
(See Map No. 4.) 



Order of the States according to the extent of their 
Territory. 



1. Virginia, 

2. Missouri, 

3. Georgia, 

4. Michigan, 

5. Illinois, 

6. Arkansas, 

7. Florida, 

8. Alabama, 

9. N. Carolina. 
10. Louisiana, 



Mississippi, 
New York, 
Pennsylva- 
nia, 
Tennessee, 
Ohio, 

Kentucky, 
Indiana, 
S. Carolina, 
Maine, 



20. N. Hamp- 

shire, 

21. Maryland, 

22. N. Jersey, 

23. Vermont, 

24. Massachu- 

setts, 
2.5. Connecticut, 

26. Delaware, 

27. R. Island. 



APPENDIX. 



193 



Order of the States according to their Population. 



1. New York, 

2. Ohio, 

3. Pennsylva- 

nia, 

4. Yirginia, 

5. Tennessee, 

6. Kentucky, 

7. N. Carolina, 

8. Massachu- 

setts, 



9. Georgia, 

10. Indiana, 

11. S. Carolina, 

12. Alabama, 

13. Maine, 

14. Illinois, 

15. Maryland, 

16. Missouri, 

17. Mississippi, 

18. N. Jersey, 



19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

23. 
24. 
25. 

26. 

27. 



Louisiana, 
Connecticut, 
Vermont, 
N. Hamp- 
shire, 
Michigan, 
R. Island, 
Arkansas, 
Delaware, 
Florida. 



Another common division of the States is into the 



New England States. 

Maine, 

N. Hampshire, 

Vermont, 

Massachusetts, 

Connecticut, 

Rhode Island. 



Middle States 

N. York, 
N. Jersey, 



Pennsylvania, 
Delaware. 



Southern States. 



Louisiana, 
Florida. 

Western States 

Ohio, 

Kentucky, 

Tennessee, 

Indiana, 

Illinois, 

Michigan, 

Missouri, 

Arkansas. 



Maryland, 

Virginia, 

N. Carolina, 

S. Carolina, 

Georgia, 

Alabama, 

Mississippi, 

Those printed in Italic or leaning type are also called 
the Slave States, because the slavery of colored persons 
is still allowed by their laws. 

The above classification is made to give the advanced 
pupil some general ideas in regard to the size and power 
of the states ; but how the lists shall be used, or whether 
they shall be used at all, is left to the teacher. The 
author would talk about them to his pupils, but make no 
set lessons of them. 



On the Map of North America. 



The West India Islands, which lie between North 
and South America are with one exception claimed and 
17 



194 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

governed by those nations of Europe who first discover- 
ed them, or who have since obtained them by conquest, 
treaty, or purchase. The islands are placed according 
to their relative size, and numbered according to their 
population. 

Spanish Islands. 

1. Cuba, 2. Porto Rico, and a few smaller islands. 

British Islands. 

6. St. Vincentj 
5. Grenada, 
10. Tobago, 
4. Antigua, 

15. Anguilla, 13. Tortola. 
All the Bahamas and some smaller and unim- 
portant isles. 

French Islands. 

1. Guadaloupe, 2. Martinico, 3. Mariegalante, 
and two or three smaller ones. 



1. Jamaica, 
3. Trinidad, 

8. Dominica. 

9. St. Lucia, 

2. Barbadoes, 



14. Barbuda, 

7. St. Kitts, 



12. Montserrat, 
11. Nevis, 






Danish Islands. 

It. Croix or $ 
Johns 



1. St. Croix or Santa Cruz, 2. St. Thomas, 3. St. 



Dutch Islands. 
1. St. Eustatia, 2. Curacoa. Several small ones. 

To Sweden. 
St. Bartholomew's or St. Barts. 

To Venezuela. 
Margarita. 

The West India Islands are also divided into the fol- 
lowing clusters : 

1. The Great Antilles. 

Cuba, Haytiy. Jamaica, Porto Rico. 



APPENDIX. 



195 



2. The Little Antilles. 

Margarita, Curacoa, Buen Ayre or Bonair, Aruba. 

3. The Bahamas or Ltjcayos. 

Great Bahama, Providence, Abaco, Turks 
Islands. 

Guanahani, St. Salvador or Cat Island, one of the 
Bahamas, has no importance, except that it is probably 
the first land Columbus discovered in this western world. 
There are hundreds of other smaller and unimportant 
islands in this cluster. 



4. The Caribbee Islands, 

Which are subdivided into the Leeward 
Windward Islands. 



and 



The Leeward Islands. 



St. John, 1 i 

St. Thomas, i~ 
Tortola, j | 

Virgin Gorda, J £ 
Santa Cruz, 
Anguilla, 



St. Eustatia, 

St Christopher's, 

Barbuda, 

Nevis, 

Antigua, 

Montserrat, 



Mariegalante, 
Guadaloupe, 
Dominica, 
St. Bartholo- 
mews. 



The Windward Islands. 



Martinico, 
Barbadoes, 
St. Lucia, 



St. Vincent, 
Grenada, 



Tobago, 
Trinidad. 



St. Johns, St. Thomas, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and 
one or two smaller ones are also sometimes called the 
Virgin Isles, 

1. Which way do the Bahamas lie from Cuba? 
Which way from Florida ? 

2. Which way do the Leeward Islands lie from 
the Great Antilles ? 

3. Which way do the Windward Islands lie 
from the Leeward ? 



196 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

Note. Windivard and leeward are sea terms, which 
mean towards the ivirid, or the opposite. The side from 
which the wind comes is the windivard side, and that to 
which it goes is the leeward side. A current of air gen- 
erally blows from the Windward to the Leeward Isles. 

4. Which way do the Little Antilles lie from 
South America? 

5. Which way do the Virgin Islands lie from 
the Great Antilles? Of what larger cluster do 
they form a part? 

6. What current runs from the Gulf of Mexico 
along the whole coast of the United States ? 

7. To what nation belongs Porto Rico? St. 
Croix or Santa Cruz? The Bahamas? Tortuga? 
Margarita? Dominica? St. Vincent? St Barts? 
Aruba? Hayti? Mariegalante ? Trinidad? Mont- 
serrat? Cuba? St. Lucia? Tortola? St. Johns? 
Nevis? Barbadoes? Guadaloupe? Barbuda? St. 
Kitts? Jamaica? Grenada? Tobago? Cura§oa? 
Anguilla? Martinico? St. Eustatia? St. Thomas? 
An tigua ? Bonair ? 

Note. If more practice is necessary, ask the same 
questions in regard to the Islands in the next paragraph. 

8. In what cluster is Santa Cruz? Tortola? 
St. Barts? Montserrat? Nevis? St. Kitts? An- 
guilla? St. Thomas? Porto Rico? Providence? 
St. Vincent? Trinidad? St. Johns? Barbuda? 
Cura^oa ? St. Eustatia ? Guanahani or Cat Island ? 
Dominica? Mariegalante? Tortola? Guadaloupe? 
Tobago ? Martinico ? Turks Island ? Margarita ? 
Hayti? St. Lucia? Barbadoes? Grenada? Bo- 
nair? Cuba? Aruba? Antigua? Jamaica? 

Note. If more practice is needed, ask the same ques- 
tions in regard to the Islands in the preceding paragraph. 



APPENDIX. 197 

OCEANICA. 

(See the Maps of the World and that of Asia.) 

Since modern discoveries have brought the islands of 
the East into notice, the old distinctions have in some 
measure been laid aside, and the following division will 
probably become general. 

Oceanica is the general name given to what used to 
be called the East Indies, and Islands of the South Sea 
or Pacific Ocean. 

Oceanica is divided into Malaysia, Australasia and 
Polynesia. 

Malaysia includes the Sunda Isles, Borneo, Celebes, 
the Philippine and Spice Islands. 

Australasia includes Australia or New Holland, as it 
used to be called, Papua or New Guinea, New Zealand, 
Louisiade, New Britain, New Ireland, New Caledonia, 
New Hebrides, Solomon's Isles, and others around Aus- 
tralia. 

Polynesia is composed of the various groups of islands 
lying in the Pacific Ocean, the chief of which are the 



Navigators, 

Society, 

Marquesas. 



Ladrones, Sandwich, 

Carolines, Feejee, 

Mul graves, Friendly, 

1. What is the sixth Grand Division of the 
Earth called ? 

2. What are its three subdivisions ? 

3. What are the principal islands of Malaysia? 

4. What are the principal islands of Australa- 
sia? 

5. What are the principal clusters of Polynesia ? 

6. Which clusters lie north of the Equator? 
Which cluster lies the most easterly ? 

7. Which clusters lie south of the Equator? 
Which cluster lies the most easterly ? 

8. What two islands southeast of the Society 
Isles? 

17* 



198. COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

9. In what cluster is Tongataboo ? Tahiti ? 
Hawai ? 

10. What strait separates New Zealand ? 



LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 

If the pupil is not already familiar with the meaning 
of latitude and longitude, the teacher must refer him to 
pages 10, 11 and 12, and then taking the two maps -of 
the World, ask the following questions : 

Where is the Equator ? 

Why is it drawn so differently on each Map? 
{See figures 6 and 7, p. 1 3.) 

What is Latitude ? 

When are places in North Latitude ? When in 
South ? 

Is Europe in north or south Latitude ? 

In which Latitude is 



Australia? 
North America? 
S. America? 
Asia? 
Africa ? 



Nova Zembla? 
Madagascar ? 
Borneo ? 
Cuba? 
Newfoundland ? 



Niphon ? 
New Zealand? 
Sandwich Isles? 
Ceylon? 
Greenland ? 



Circles and Degrees. 

V 

1. Whatever may be the size of any circle, it may he 
cut into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 

2. Of course, no one can tell how long a degree is, 
until he knows how large the circle is of which the de- 
gree is a 360th part. 

3. The Equator, on the map of the Northern and 
Southern Hemispheres, is the outer circle, and as large 
a one as can be made around the earth. 

4. All circles that pass round the earth through the 
poles, are also as large as a circle can be made on the 
earth. 



APPENDIX. 199 

5. Now a degree of the Equator, or of a circle pass- 
ing round the earth through both poles, measures 69£ 
of our miles. All the degrees of those circles called me- 
ridia?is are of this size, but no circle drawn parallel to the 
Equator can be as large as the Equator, and as the par- 
allels grow smaller and smaller as they approach the 
poles, the length of their degrees must grow less and less, 
until, at the poles, they are reduced almost to nothing. 

6. From the Equator to either pole is just one quar- 
ter of a meridian or largest circle, ( See Map of E. and 
W. Hemispheres,) and one quarter of 360 degrees is 90 
degrees. 

7. As latitude is distance from the Equator either 
north or south, there can be but 90 degrees of north or 
south latitude; for, if you measure 100 degrees from any 
point of the Equator, you will be approaching the Equa- 
tor on the opposite side, and in fact be only 80 degrees 
from it. (See Map of N. and S. Hem.) 

8. The degrees of latitude might be marked on every 
meridian, if there were room, but it is customary only to 
number the degrees of that meridian which makes the 
margin of the map. This cannot be done on the map 
of the N. and S. Hemispheres, because the margin is 
the Equator, and another meridian is there used. 

9. Thus at the Equator a zero, O, is placed, because 
there is no latitude till you go north or south of the 
Equator. If there were room, every degree would be 
marked, but it is usual only to mark every tenth on 
school maps of the Hemispheres, lest they should be too 
crowded. 

10. As the top of a map is usually the north also, the 
pupil must be shown that, if the numbers increase up- 
ward, the latitude is north of the Equator, and if the 
numbers increase downward the latitude is south. 

11. When the latitude of any place is required, first 
find the place, and then follow to the side of the map the 
parallel that runs nearest to it till you find the degree 
marked, and the pupil must judge what allowance must 
be made if the place is above or below the parallel. For 
instance, to find the latitude of Ceylon, see what parallel 
runs just north of the island. Follow the parallel till 



200 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

you reach the side, and you will see it marked 10 de- 
grees. The north of Ceylon is about one degree south 
of it, and of course 9 degrees north of the Equator. 

12. The teacher should show all this on a globe also. 
The pupil will see that the brass ring, which supports 
the poles of the globe, is numbered just as the margin of 
his map of the E. and W. Hemispheres is, and if he 
wishes to find the latitude of a place, he must find the 
place, and then turn the globe till the place comes under 
the brass ring, when the degree of latitude will be 
marked on the ring just over it. 

Questions. 

1. What part of a circle is a degree? 

2. On what does the length of a degree depend ? 

3. Where is the Equator drawn on the map of 
the Eastern and Western Hemispheres? Where 
on the Northern and Southern? What is its size 
compared with other circles ? Why does it appear 
like a straight line on the Map of the E. and W. 
Hemispheres ? 

4. What other circles are as large as the Equa- 
tor? 

5. How long is a degree of these largest circles ? 
What happens to degrees of circles parallel to the 
Equator ? 

6. The distance from the Equator to either pole 
is what part of a large circle ? 

7. How many degrees of north or south latitude 
may there he ? Why no more ? 

8. On what meridian are the degrees of latitude 
usually marked ? Why are they not marked on 
every meridian? What meridian is numbered on 
the map of the N. and S. Hemispheres ? 

9. In numbering the degrees of latitude where 
is the zero placed at which we begin ? Why is not 
every degree marked from 1 to 90 ? How often are 
the parallels drawn on Maps of the W~orld ? 

10. If the Equator is not on a map, how may 



APPENDIX. 



201 



you tell by the numbering whether the latitude is 
north or south ? 

11. How must you proceed to find the latitude 
of any place on a map 1 

12. How must you proceed with a globe 1 

Practical Exercises. 

1. In what degree of Latitude are the following 
Capes ?* 

Horn ? Farewell 1 Icy ? 

Good Hope ? Sable ? Finisterre ? 

Comorin ? Gardafui ? St. Lucas 1 

St. Roque ? North ? Lopatka 1 

IVote. When no parallel runs through the island, 
always take the north point of it, unless otherwise di- 
rected by tire teacher. 

2. In what degree of Latitude are the following 
Islands? 



Iceland 1 


Madeira ? 


Candia ? 


Ireland ? 


Sicily ? 


Celebes? 


St. Helena? 


Newfoundland ? 


Formosa ? 


Luzon ? 


Terra del Fu- 


Isle of France 


Sumatra ? 


ego? 


or Mauritius? 


Socotra % 


St. Domingo ? 


Tan Diemen's ? 



Note. Pay no regard to the names of places in find- 
ing their latitude. The little D or O marks the place, 
and the name is sometimes at a considerable distance 
from it. 



* Always say whether the latitude is north or south. A small ° 
p aced over figures implies that they are degrees : thus, 5° and 
81° mean 5 degrees and 81 degrees. A sixtieth part of a degree 
is called a minute, and is marked thus, 5', 31'. for 5 minutes, 31 
minutes. A sixtieth part of a minute is called a second, and is 
marked thus, 5", 51", for 5 seconds, 51 seconds. The judicious 
teacher will not require the minutes and seconds to be given in 
any of the following questions. 



202 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

3. What is the Latitude of 



Boston 1 
London ? 
Canton ? 
Bombay ? 
Buenos Ayres ? 
Calcutta 1 
Madrid? 



Archangel ? 
New Orleans ? 
Botany Bay? 
Manilla? 
Pekin ? 
Quebec ? 
Jerusalem ? 



Mecca ? 
Monrovia ? 
Rio Janeiro ? 
Mexico ? 
Valparaiso ? 
Washington ? 
Quito? 



On the Map of North America. 



Note. As North America is entirely in north lati- 
tude, there can be no Equator to reckon latitude from ; 
but this is of no consequence, as the degrees on the side 
of the map are reckoned from the Equator, and not from 
the bottom of the map. If the degrees increase toivards 
the north of the map, you may know the latitude is 
north, although you cannot see the Equator. This, of 
course, must be explained to the pupil. 

4. What is the Latitude of Cape 



St. Lucas ? 


Cod? 


Farewell ? 


Sable? (N. S.) 


Hatteras ? 


Prince of Wales? 


5. What is the Latitude of the 


Island of 


Prince Edward ? 


Porto Rico ? 


Tobago ? 


Nantucket ? 


Long Island ? 


Melville ? 


Bermudas ? 


St. Helena ? 


Isle of Man ? 


6. What is the Latitude of 




Boston ? 
New Orleans ? 


New York ? 
Havana ? 


Washington ? 
Mexico ? 


Charleston? 


Halifax? 


Port au Prince ? 


(S. C.) 


Nain ? 


Montreal ? 


St. John's? 


Porto Belio ? 


Guatimala ? 


(N. F.) 


Mobile ? 





APPENDIX. 



203 



On the Map of the United States. 



7. In what degree of Latitude is the northern 
boundary of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Rhode 
Island 1 In what Latitude is the northern boun- 
dary of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and 
Mississippi? The northern point of Michigan 
Proper ? Missouri ? Maryland ? The south of Ar- 
kansas ? Delaware? Vermont? Virginia? 



8. In what degree of Latitude is 



Boston ? 
New Orleans ? 
Detroit ? 
Richmond ? 



Savannah ? 
Pensacola ? 
Philadelphia,? 
St. Louis ? 



Portsmouth ? 
Dover? {Del.) 
Raleigh ? 
Baltimore ? 



On the Map of South America. 



Note. As the Equator crosses South America, part 
of it is in north, and part in south latitude. 



9. What is the Latitude of Cape 



Horn? 
St. Roque ? 

10. What is the Latitude of 



Blanco ? 
Vela? 



Caraccas ? 
Cayenne ? 
Pernambuco ? 
Valparaiso ? 



Quito ? 
Santa Fe ? 
Santa Fe de Bo- 
gota? 



North? 
St. Maria? 



Lima? 

Rio Janeiro ? 

Buenos Ayres ? 

Chuquisaca ? 



On the Map of Europe. 



11. What is the Latitude of the most southern 
land of Europe (Candia)? What of the most 
northern? What of the north of Iceland? Of 
Denmark ? Of France ? Of Portugal ? Of Scot- 
land ? 



204 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



12. What is the Latitude of 



Majorca ? 


Corsica ? 


Aland? 


Shetlands ? 


Zealand? 


Faroe Islands ? 


Isle of Man ? 


Malta ? 


Cefalonia ? 


13. What is the Latitude of 




Bergen ? 


Petersburgh 3 


Amsterdam ? 


Rome ? 


Constantinople? 


Vienna ? 


Stockholm ? 


Copenhagen ? 


Warsaw ? 


Athens ? 


Madrid ? 


Paris ? 


Archangel ? 


London ? 


Naples ? 


Cadiz % 


Venice ? 


Berne? 


Edinburgh ? 


Dublin ? 


Antwerp ? 


Lisbon ? 


Syracuse ? 


Cracow ? 



On the Map of Asia. 

Note. The whole of Asia, except a few islands, lies 
north of the Equator. Asia is much larger than Eu- 
rope, and, as the maps are of the same size, there must 
be more degrees between the parallels of the map of 
Asia than of Europe. 

14. What is the Latitude of Cape 



Taymour ? |Comorin ? 

15. What is the Latitude of 

Calcutta ? 
Yakutsk ? 
Mocha ? 
Smyrna ? 



Ummerapoora ? 
Jeddo ? 
Astracan ? 
Batavia ? 



|Lopatka ? 

Teheran ? 
Bencoolen ? 
Canton ? 
Kiakta ? 



On the Map of Africa. 



In what Latitude is Cape 
Of the Zaire ? 
Of the Mesura- 

do? 
Sierra Leone ? 
St. Helena? 



16. 

Bon? 
Gardafui ? 
Good Hope ? 
Verde ? 
Mouth of Nile? 



TenerirTe ? 
Algiers ? 
Cape Town ? 
Mauritius? 
Grand Cairo? 



APPENDIX. 205 

LONGITUDE. 

1. Let the pupil examine a globe, or the Map of the 
Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and he will see 
that the meridians, which run from the equator to the 
poles, cut the small circles, near the poles, into as many 
degrees as they do the largest, but the degrees are 
smaller. 

2. The length of a degree of longitude at the equa- 
tor is 69£ of oar common statute miles. 

In the latitude of Boston a degree is only 51 J miles. 
At Cape Horn the length of a degree is only 384- miles. 
At the north of Spitzbergen, a degree is only 12 
miles. * 

3. To find the longitude of a place on a Map, follow 
the meridian nearest to the place till it strikes the equa- 
tor, if there is one on the map, and to the top or bottom 
of the map if there is not, and you will find the degree 
marked. 

4. To find the longitude of a place on the Globe, turn 
the globe till the place comes under the brass circle that 
goes from pole to pole, and then follow the circle, which 
is in fact a meridian, until it cuts the equator, on which 
the degree of longitude will be marked. 

5. The distance of one place from another is a very 
different thing from their difference of latitude or longi- 
tude. Between Cape Cod and Cape Horn the difference 

'of latitude is about 98 degrees, and the difference of lon- 
gitude about 3 degrees, but the distance is more than 6800 
miles. 

6. Longitude may be reckoned from any place on 
the earth. If I start from Boston and go east or west, 
I can go only 180 degrees east or west, before I begin 
to approach Boston again, for 190 degrees east would 
be only 170 west, 180 being half round the globe. 

* The length of a degree of longitude at every parallel be- 
tween the Equator and the Poles, is given in a subsequent Table. 
The pupil is not expected to learn that Table, but it is to be hoped 
that his teacher will often induce him to refer to it, by asking 
suitable questions. The length of the degrees is there given in 
common statute miles, and not in geographical miles, of which chil- 
dren have no correct idea. 

18 



206 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

7. The early geographers and navigators reckoned 
longitude from Ferro, the most western of the Canary 
Islands. Often each nation reckoned from its own capi- 
tal ; but most globes and maps in the hands of American 
and English youth, are calculated from London, (or 
Greemvich, close by it,) or from both London and Wash- 
ington. 

8. On the Map of the World, or on the globe, find 
London, follow the meridian that runs through it till you 
come to the Equator, where you will find a zero (O) or 
a star (*). 

After the preceding remarks have been fully explained 
let the following questions be asked : 

1. Do the meridians cut the smaller circles or 
parallels into as many parts as the large ones 1 
Are there just as many degrees between the merid- 
ians in all the circles ? What is the effect upon 
the length of the several degrees ? 

2. Where is a degree of Longitude the longest? 
How long is it there ? How does it compare with 
every degree of Latitude ? How long is a degree 
of Longitude at Boston 1 At Cape Horn ? At the 
north of Spitzbergen 1 

3. How will you find the difference of Longi- 
tude between two places on a map 1 

4. How will you find the difference on a globe ? 

5. Does the difference of Latitude or Longitude 
determine the distance between any two places ? 

6. From what places may Longitude be reckon- 
ed ? How many degrees of east or west Longi- 
tude may there be ? Why no more 7 

7. From what place did the early geographers 
calculate Longitude, and mark their maps accord- 
ingly ? How did geographers do next ? How do 
English and American geographers do now 1 

8. Where is zero or placed on the equator, and 
why is it placed there ? 






APPENDIX, 



207 



1. In what degree of Longitude 


* are the follow- 


ing Capes ? 






Horn, 


Farewell, 


Icy, 


Good Hope, 


Sable, (JFY.) 


Finisterre, 


Comorin, 


Gardafui, 


St. Lucas, 


St. Roque, 


North, (Eu.) 


Lopatka. 


Note. In find 


mg the longitude 


of the following 


islands, take the centre of them as near as the eye can 


fix it. 




_ 


2. In what de 


gree of Longitude are the folio w- 


ing Islands ? 






Iceland, 


Madeira, 


Candia, 


Ireland, 


Sicily, 


Celebes, 


St. Helena, 


Newfoundland, 


Formosa, 


Luzon, 


Terra del Fuego, 


Van Diemen, 


Sumatra, 


St. Domingo, 


Ceylon, 


Socotra, 


Isle of France, 


Corfu. 


3. What is 


the Longitude of the following 


places ? 






Boston, 


Archangel, 


Jerusalem, 


London, 


Washington, 


Mecca, 


Canton, 


New Orleans, 


Monrovia, 


Bombay, 


Hobartstown, 


Mexico, 


Madrid, 


Manilla, 


Valparaiso, 


Buenos Ayres, 


Pekin, 


Athens, 


Calcutta, 


Quebec, 


Moscow. 



Practical Exercises. 

On the Map of North America. 

Note. This whole map is west of London, and, of 
course, every country on it is in west longitude from 



* Always ask whether the longitude is East or West t 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



London. It is also entirely in north latitude, so that 
there is no equator to reckon longitude upon. In such 
cases the degrees are marked at the top and bottom of 
the map. If the meridian runs off the side of the map, 
it must be followed up instead of down. 

4. In what Longitude are the following Towns ? 



Boston, 
St. John's, 

(N. F.) 
Halifax, 
Cane Sable, 

(Fl.) 



New Orleans, 
Melville Island, 
Cape St. Lucas, 
Mouth of Mac- 
kenzie's River, 
Bhering's Strait, 



Mouth of Colum- 
bia River, 
City of Mexico, 
Havana, 
The Bermudas, 
Cape Farewell. 



On the Map of the United States. 

5. Are the United States in east or west Lon- 
gitude ? 

6. How many degrees are the meridians apart ? 

Note. On some school maps the longitude west from 
London is marked at the bottom of the map, and the 
longitude east or west of Washington, the capital of the 
United States, is marked at the top. It was before re- 
marked that all nations have a right to reckon from their 
own capital if they choose. 



In what degree of Longitude from London is 

N. York City ? (Cincinnati ? 
Baltimore ? Detroit ? 

Washington ? I 

In what Longitude from Washington is 



7. 

Cape Fear ? 
Cape Cod 1 
Savannah 1 

8. 

Mobile ? 
Cape May? 
Portsmouth ? 



New Orleans ? 
Portland ? 
St. Louis? 



Charleston? 

(& c.) 

Boston 1 



APPENDIX. 



209 



On the Map of South America. 

9. In what degree of Longitude from London 
or Washington is 



Cape St. Roque ? 
Cape Blanco? 
Cape Horn ? 
Monte Video ? 



Mouth of the 

Amazon ? 
Quito ? 
Panama ? 



Valparaiso ? 
Rio Janeiro ? 
Pernambuco ? 
Chuquisaca ? 



On the Map of Europe. 

Note. London, from which we reckon, is in Europe, 
and a part of Europe lies east and a part west of it. 
Here, as on the map of the world, the meridian of Lon- 
don or Greenwich is marked with a zero, and from pole 
to pole, all places exactly on this meridian have no lon- 
gitude. 

10. In what degree of Longitude is 



Constantinople? 


Rome? 


Ivica ? 


Madrid ? 


Mt. Hecla? 


Moscow ? 


Vienna ? 


Riga? 


Lisbon ? 


Archangel ? 


Amsterdam and 


Athens ? 


Strait of KarTa ? 


Lyons ? 


Palermo ? 



On the Map of Asia. 

11. Is Asia in east or west Longitude ? 

12. In what degree of Longitude is Mocha? 
Smyrna? Jeddo? Port Jackson? 

On the Map of Africa. 



1 3. Is Africa in east or west Longitude ? 

14. In what degree of Longitude is Tunis? 
Cape Town ? Alexandria ? Mogadore ? 

18* 



210 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

On either Map op the World. 

15. What is the difference of Latitude between 

Boston and London ? 
Between Canton and Madrid ? Bombay and 

Archangel ? 
Between N. Orleans and Mecca ? Quebec and 

Manilla? 
Between Pekin and Petersburg ? Havana and 

Bergen ? 
Between Paris and Hobart's Town ? Halifax 

and Cape Town? 



16. Between Capes Farewell and Horn ? 

Between Capes North, (Eu.) and Good Hope? 
Between Capes Lopatka and Negro ? 
Between Capes Comorin and St. Roque ? 



17. Between Hawaii and Tahiti ? j 
Between the N. of Spitzbergen and the N. of 

Ceylon 1 
Between the N. of Niphon and the N. of Van 

Diem'en*s Land ? 
Between the S. of Newfoundland and the S. 

of Madagascar? 
Between St. Michaels and St. Helena ? 
Between the mouth of Columbia River and 

Yalparaiso ? 

On either Map of the World. 

18. What is the difference of Longitude betwe 

Boston and London ? 
Between London and Calcutta ? Boston a 

Calcutta ? 
Between Cape Town and Sydney? Monte 

Video and Canton ? 
Between Washington and London? New 

York and Pekin ? 



APPENDIX. 211 

. Between Paris and Quito? Lisbon and R. 
Janeiro 1 

19. Between Capes Horn and Good Hope? St. 

Roque and Lopatka ? 
Between Capes Farewell and Horn ? St. 

Lucas and St. Vincent ? 
Between Icy Cape and Cape North ? Tay- 

mour and Verd ? 
Between Capes May and Ortegal? Sable 

(N. S.) and Comorin ? 



20. Between the most eastern and most western 
• points of North America ? Of Europe ? 
Of South America ? Of Asia ? 
Of Africa ? Of Australia ? 
Between Washington and the mouth of the 

Columbia ? 
Between Easter Island and St. Helena ? 
Between Boston and Tongataboo ? 
Between New York and Juan Fernandez ? 

Latitude and Longitude. 
On the Maps of the World. 
21. What is the Latitude and Longitude of 



Cape Horn ? 
Good Hope ? 
S. Cape of V. Die- 
men's Island ? 
Boston ? 
London ? 



Canton ? 
Cape Lopatka ? 
Calcutta ? 
Cape Yerd ? 
Cape St. Lucas ? 
Prince of Wales? 



Quebec ? 
Bombay ? 
Taymour ? 
Caraccas ? 
North Cape ? 
Icy Cape? 

22. What city is in the 38th degree of north 
Latitude, and 27th degree of east Longitude ? 
What city is in 64° N. and 40° E. ? 
What island in 17° S. and 6° W. ? 
What city in 42° N. and 71° W.? 
What settlement in 34° S. and 151° E. ? 



212 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

What island in 21° S. and 55° R? 
What city in 34° S. and 58° W. ? 
What city in 38° N. and 9° W. ? 
What city in 22|° N. and 88J° E. ? 
What city in 23° N. and 113° E. ? 
What city in 23° S. and 43° W. ] 
What city in 22° N. and 41° E. ? 
What cape in 72° N. and 23° El"? 
What city in 42° N. and 12J° E. ? 

Note. These exercises in Latitude and Longitude 
may be extended indefinitely by the teacher with tables 
of Latitude and Longitude, or with a map or globe be- 
fore him and the class. 

Meridians. 

1. The pupil has already been told what circles are 
called meridians, but he has not been informed why they 
are called so. The word is derived from the Latin word 
for mid-day or noon, and all places on the same side 
of the earth, through which the same meridian passes, 
have mid-day at the same moment. 

2. The teacher must take a globe, and, wetting a few 
pieces of paper, stick them on some meridian at different 
distances from pole to pole. Then, holding something 
to represent the sun over the equator and the brazen me- 
ridian, let him turn the globe and show that all the spots 
of paper will come under the meridian at the same time. 

3. Or, an apple may be taken, a stick or wire put 
through it, and pins stuck in a line from pole to pole. 
The pin heads may represent men, and then, if the apple 
be turned towards a lamp, the pins will all come from 
the dark side of the apple into the light together, thus 
representing sunrise ; they will point their heads towards 
the lamp together, representing noon ; and then, as the 
apple continues to turn, they will go into the shade 
again, and represent sunset. 

Note. In the preceding illustration the lamp must be 
placed exactly opposite the equator of the apple, and the 
poles must be horizontal. This is the position of the 



APPENDIX. 213 

earth the 21st of March and the 23d of Sept. every year, 
for then the sun is over the equator, and the days and 
nights have exactly twelve hours each from pole to pole. 

4. To show the pupil how the length of days increas- 
es or diminishes, take a globe, and elevate o.ne of the 
poles; then call that part of the globe above the horizon, 
day, and that part under the horizon, night. Turn the 
globe, and it will be seen that now, as before, all places 
on the same meridian will come together under the 
brazen meridian representing noon ; but the times when 
they rise above the horizon and descend below it will be 
different, some places staying above, and having day, 
longer than others. 

5. The fact that all places on the same meridian have 
noon at the same moment, has enabled navigators and 
travellers to ascertain in what longitude they are, or how 
far they have sailed east or west of the place from which 
they started. 

6. The globe turns invariably from west to east, and, 
of course, as the sun appears in consequence of this ro- 
tation or turning of the earth to rise in the east, one 
place east of another will of course have him over head 
first. 

7. The globe turns entirely round in 24 hours, and 
as there are 360 degrees to turn, a 24th part of 360, or 
15 degrees, will turn in one hour. Fifteen degrees in 
an hour or 60 minutes, are equal to one degree in four 
minutes. 

8. On a globe, or on a map, if you know the differ- 
ence of longitude between two places, you can find the 
difference in the time of day, by allowing an hour for 
every 15 degrees, and four minutes for every odd degree, 
the day being farthest advanced at the most easterly 
place. 

9. But, navigators on the ocean do not know where they 
are, and, not knowing the longitude or distance east or 
west of the place they left, would be lost if they could 
not discover it. If we know that two places are 30 de- 
grees apart, we also know that there must be two hours 
difference in their noon ; and, if we know that there are 
two hours difference in their noon, we know that they 



214 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

must be 30 degrees east or west of each other, that is, 
their difference of longitude must be 30 degrees. 

10. Navigators have a particular kind of watch, called 
a chronometer, which keeps very perfect time. When 
they leave a port, say Boston, they fix the chronometer 
according to the exact time at that place. After they 
have sailed several days east or west, they find that it is 
not noon when the chronometer indicates that it is 12 
o'clock, Boston time. They find, perhaps, that when it 
is noon by the sun, it is 3 o'clock, P. M. by the chro- 
nometer. The day is three hours in advance of Boston 
time, as shown by the chronometer ; and, as three hours 
are equal to ,45 degrees, (3 times 15,) they have sailed 
east from Boston 45 degrees, and, as Boston is about 71 
degrees west of London, they are in 26 degrees of wesl 
Longitude from London. 

Practical Exercises. 

Two cities are 60° apart, what is the difference 
in their time of day 1 

What is the difference of time if the cities are 
70° apart? What if 90°? What if 105° 'I 112° 7 
119°? 124°? 130°? 137°? 146°? 151°? 162°? 175°? 

The teacher must frame similar questions till the pupil 
is familiar with the operation of changing degrees ta 
hours and minutes. 



i 



[ On the Map of the E. and W. Hemispheres^ 

Find the difference of Longitude, and then the 
difference of Time, between the following places. 
London and Boston. Boston and Archangel. 
N. Orleans and Mecca. N. York and Manilla. 
Rome and Pekin. Havana and Petersburg. 
Paris and Calcutta. Halifax and Cape Town. 

Capes Horn and Good Hope. Capes Comoria 
and St. Roque. 



APPENDIX. 215 

Capes Farewell and Lopatka. North Cape and 
Icy Cape. 

Spitzbergen and Ceylon. St. Helena and For- 
mosa. 

Newfoundland and Niphon. Long Island and 
Hawai. 

Porto Rico and Madagascar. Bermudas and 
Annabona. 

St. Michaels and Bourbon. Juan Fernandez 
and Trinidad. 



If it is 9 o'clock, A. M., at Boston, what time is 
it at Rome ? 

If 4 P. M. at Boston, what time at Cape St. 
Lucas ? 

If 10 A. M. at Lisbon, what time at Bombay 1 

If 7 P. M. at Madrid, what time at Mexico 1 

If 2 P. M. at New Orleans, what time at Con- 
stantinople ? 

If 11 A. M. at Washington, what time at Cal- 
cutta ? 

If 5 P. M. at Algiers, what time at Buenos Ayres ? 

If midnight at Philadelphia, what time at Mos- 
cow? 

If noon at London, what time at Boston? at 
Jerusalem ? at Rio Janeiro ? at Nankin ? at 
Quebec 1 



If two friends, about to part, agree to think of 
each other at the same moment while they are 
separated, how can they tell when to think ? 

If two friends at parting agree always to pray 
for each other at the same time, will it do for them 
to pray at sunrise ? 

If a merchant of London dines at 5 P. M., and a 
mechanic of Boston at 2 P. M., which dines first? 



216 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Table, 

Showing the length of a degree of Longitude at every 
parallel of Latitude from the Equator to the Poles, in 
American miles and hundredths. 



1 . 


. 69-02 


31 . 


. 5917 


[61 . 


33-41 


2 . 


. 68-99 


32 . 


. ' 58-54 


62 . 


32-41 


3 . 


. 68-94 


33 . 


. 57-89 


63 . 


. 31-34 


4 . 


. 68-87 


34 . 


. 57-23 


64 . 


30-26 


5 


. 68-77 


35 . 


. 56-55 


65 . 


2917 


6 . 


. 68-65 


36 : 


. 55-85 


66 . 


28-08 


7 . 


. 68-53 


37 . 


. 5513 


67 . 


26-98 


8 . 


. 68-35 


38 . 


. 54-39 


68 . 


25-86 


9 . 


. 68-12 


39 . 


. 53-56 


69 . 


24-75 


10 . 


. 67-97 


40 . 


. 52-92 


70 . 


23-61 


11 . 


. 67-76 


41 . 


. 52-09 


71 . 


22-48 


12 . 


. 67-51 


42 . 


. 51-22 


72 . 


21-34 


13 . 


. 67-24 


43 . 


. 50-49 


73 . 


2018 


14 . 


. 66-98 


44 . 


. 49-65 


74 . 


1902 


lo . 


. 66-67 


45 . 


. 48-81 


75 . 


17-85 


16 . 


. 66-35 


46 . 


. 47-95 


76 . 


1669 


17 . 


. 66-02 


47 . 


. 47-17 


77 . 


15-53 


18 . 


. 65-65 


48 . 


. 46-19 


78 . 


14-35 


19 . 


. 65-27 


49 . 


. 45-28 


79 . 


. 1317 


20 . 


. 64-87 


50 . 


. 44-37 


80 • 


11-98 


21 . 


. 64-43 


51 . 


. 43-52 


81 . 


10-79 


22 . 


. 64-00 


52 . 


. 42-55 


82 . 


9-60 


23 . 


. 63-41 


53 . 


. 41-58 


83 . 


8-42 


24. . 


. 63-06 


54 . 


. 40-57 


84 . 


7-22 


25 . 


. 62-57 


55 . 


. 39-59 


85 . 


6-01 


26 . 


. 6213 


56 . 


. 38-60 


86 . 


4-80 


27. . 


. 61-48 


57 . 


. 37-59 


87 . 


3-61 


28 . 


. 60-98 


58 . 


. 36-47 


88 . . 


2-40 


20 . 


. 60-38 


59 . 


3555 


89 . . 


1-20 


38 . 


. 59-78 


60 . 


. 34-51 


90 . 


000 



APPENDIX. 217 

NEWSPAPERS. 

The author cannot finish this book without saying a 
word in regard to the use of Newspapers in teaching 
practical geography. It was his custom, when a teacher, 
to take such pupils as were thoroughly acquainted with 
the text-book, and read to them the ship-news, adver- 
tisements, and such paragraphs as related to the man- 
ners, customs, improvements, disasters, wars and other 
incidents, in every part of the World. 

Few newspapers are so barren as not to furnish 
enough matter of this sort for a profitable lesson, and the 
author always found this kind of lesson one of the most 
interesting to children, affording him an opportunity to 
make them acquainted with the actual state of the world, 
and enabling him to impress the names and situation of 
places upon their minds, by connecting them with use- 
ful and agreeable information. 

Note. The pupils should have their Atlases before 
them, look out every place mentioned, and write the 
name on paper. At the next lesson, the teacher should 
ask where each place is situated, and why it was noticed 
at the previous lesson. 



ZONES. 

The word Zone means a Belt or Girdle. 

1. If the pupil will look at the Map of the E. and W. 
Hemispheres, he will see a dotted line resembling a par- 
allel of latitude between the 20th and 30th parallels, both 
north and south of the equator. 

2. If he turns to a globe, or imagines the map to be 
one, he will see that these dotted lines are circles, as the 
parallels are, and that the strip of earth between them, 
if colored, would resemble a broad belt or girdle round 
the earth. 

3. The circle north of the equator is called the 
Tropic of Cancer ; and the circle south of the equator is 
called the Tropic of Capricorn. 

4. In summer, June 21st, the sun is exactly over the 

19 



218 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

heads of persons living on that part of the earth where 
the Tropic of Cancer is drawn. Next day he is not so 
far north, and he gradually moves towards the south, 
until, in winter, Dec. 23d, he is over the heads of those 
who live where the Tropic of Capricorn is drawn. 

5. This zone or belt, between the Tropics, is called 
the Torrid Zone. The word torrid means parched or 
hot, because that part of the earth, which has the sun 
exactly overhead, is naturally hotter than any other 
part. When a person lives in this zone, he is said to 
live between the tropics ; and plants that only grow 
there are called tropical plants. 

6. The northern circle is called the Tropic of Cancer, 
because the cluster of stars, that are over it in the sky, 
are called the Constellation of Cancer, which is the 
Latin word for Crab. The southern circle is called the 
Tropic of Capricorn, because the cluster of stars over 
that are called the Constellation of Capricornus, which 
is the Latin word for a Goat. 

7. No other inhabitants of the globe than those living 
between the tropics ever have the sun directly overhead, 
and, as the sun is constantly moving towards the north 
or south, he can be overhead to no one more than two 
days in the year, that is, going and coming. 

8. When the sun is north of the equator, the coun- 
tries north of it have summer, and when he is south of 
the equator, the countries south of it have summer, and 
when it is summer in one hemisphere it is winter in the 
other. 

9. If the pupil will now look between the 60th and 
70th parallels of North Latitude, he will see another 
dotted circle, called the Arctic Circle, the word Arctic 
being derived from the Greek word for a Bear ; this cir- 
cle being under that cluster of stars called the Great 
Bear. 

10. So between the parallels of 60 and 70 south, is a 
similar circle, called the Antarctic Circle, Ant being a 
contraction of Anti, which means Opposite ; the Antarc- 
tic Circle being exactly opposite the Arctic. These are 
also called the Polar Circles. 

11. Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic 
Circle, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the 



APPENDIX. 219 

Antarctic Circle, are two more strips or zones not quite 
so wide as the Torrid Zone, and these are called the 
Temperate Zones. 

12. In the Temperate Zones the sun is never over 
head, but, in summer, the days are longer, and the nights 
shorter, and, in winter, the days are shorter, and the 
nights longer than they ever are in the Torrid Zone, be- 
tween the Tropics. 

13. When the sun is over the Northern Tropic, he 
does not seem, to a person at the Arctic Circle or north 
of it. to set for 24 hours or more ; and for the same rea- 
son he does not appear to rise for 24 hours or more at 
the Antarctic Circle, or any place south of it. 

14. No place between the Arctic Circle and the An- 
tarctic ever has the sun 24 entire hours, or ever loses 
him 24 hours at one time; and for this reason these two 
circles are drawn just where they are. 

15. The two spaces, between the Arctic and Antarc- 
tic Circles and the Poles, are also called zones, though 
they do not exactly resemble strips or belts. In winter, 
the sun being absent for whole days, and even for whole 
months, the earth in these regions becomes extremely 
cold, and they are called the Frigid Zones, the word 
frigid meaning frozen. 

Note. Let the teacher put a wire through an apple, 
to represent the poles, then let him hold the apple with 
one pole leaning towards a candle. The child will see 
that, though the apple be turned round, the light cf the 
candle constantly shines upon that pole and a space 
around it. He will also see that the light does not 
shine at all upon the other pole, which is turned away 
from the light just as much as the opposite pole is turned 
towards it. 

Now let the teacher move the apple round the candle to 
the opposite side, taking, great care to keep the pole lean- 
ing exactly as before. When the apple is on the opposite 
side, the pupil will see that the pole, which was before in 
constant light, is now in constant darkness ; and the pole 
that was in constant darkness, is now in constant light. 

Then tell the child that the sun is fixed like the can- 
dle ; the earth leans like the apple ; and the different 



220 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

seasons, and the different lengths of days and nights, 
are caused by the earth's motion round the sun, with its 
poles leaning, and always pointing in the same direction. 

Questions. 
( To be answered on the Maps of the World.) 

1. What two circles, besides parallels of Latitude, 
are drawn on the north side of the Equator 1 

2. What two similar circles are drawn on the 
south side 1 

3. Why are the two tropics drawn where they 
are ? 

4. How many degrees are they north or south 
from the Equator 1 

5. What zone lies between them ? How many 
degrees wide is it ? What does its name mean ? 

6. When is the sun exactly over the Tropic of 
Cancer ? When exactly over the Tropic of Capri- 
corn? 

7. When the sun is over the northern tropic 
what is the season in the northern Hemisphere 1 
What in the southern ? 

8. What will make it summer in the southern 
Hemisphere ? 

9. What plants are called tropical plants ? 

10. Why is the northern tropic called the Tropic 
of Cancer ? 

11. Why is the southern tropic called the Tropic 
of Capricorn 7 

12. What persons ever have the sun directly 
overhead % (So that a perfectly upright staff would 
cast no shadow at noon.) 

13. How often may the sun be vertical or over- 
head to any place between the tropics 1 

14. Where is the Arctic circle drawn ? Why is 
it so named ? 

15. Where is the Antarctic circle drawn 1 Why 
is it so called 1 



APPENDIX. 221 

16. By what other name are the Arctic and 
Antarctic circles called ? 

17. What zones lie between the Tropics and the 
Polar Circles ? 

18. How many degrees wide is each of them ? 

19. Is the sun ever vertical, or over the heads 
of those who live in the Temperate Zones ? 

20. How do the days and nights in the Tem- 
perate Zones compare with those in the Torrid 
Zone ? 

21. When the sun is exactly over the Tropic of 
Cancer, how long is a day at the Arctic Circle, or 
a night at the Antarctic ? 

22. Why are the Arctic and Antarctic Circles 
drawn just where they are 1 How many degrees 
are they from the pole ? 

23. What zones lie between the Polar Circles 
and the Poles ? 

24. How long may the days be during summer 
in the Frigid Zones 1 

25. What makes them so very cold in winter ? 

26. What causes the variety of seasons, and the 
difference in the length of days and nights 1 

27. In what zone is England ? Iceland ? The 
Falkland Isles ? New Guinea 1 Juan Fernandez ? 
Spitzbergen ? Madagascar ? 

28. In what zone is Boston? Petersburg? 
Mecca ? Liberia ? Havana ? Buenos Ayres ? 

29. In what zone is North Cape ? Cape Horn ? 
Cape Farewell? St. Lucas? Guardafui? Icy 
Cape? 

30. South America touches what zones? Ask 
the same question of North America ? Africa ? 
Europe ? Asia ? Australia or New Holland ? -* 

31. Which zone appears to have the most land ? 
What countries and islands does the Equator 
cross ? What the Tropic of Cancer ? What the 
Tropic of Capricorn? What the Arctic Circle? 
What the Antarctic ? 

19* 



222 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 

INDEX. 

To the Pronunciation of such Proper Names as present 
any irregularity. 

General Rules. 

1. In French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian names, 
and in names of countries now or formerly possessed by 
them, what would be pronounced as long a in fate, by 
English analogy, should be pronounced ah. 

2. The vowel E, at the end of Spanish, Portuguese 
and Italian words or syllables, should be pronounced 
like English a. This rule applies to French words also 
when the e is accented thus, e'. 

3. The vowel I should be pronounced like our e. 

4. U, in all the above languages, except the French, 
must be pronounced like our oo. 

5. Au and eau, in French, have the sound of our long 
o, and, in German, the sound of our ow in now. 

6. Ei and ey, in German, have the sound of our 
long I. 

7. Eu, in German, has the sound of oi in English. 

8. Otr, in French, has the sound of oo in English. 

9. Ch, in French and Portuguese, has the sound of our 
sh ; in Spanish it sounds as in Church ; in Italian like k, 
and, in German, unlike either of the others. 

10. C, before E and I in Italian names, has the sound 
of ch ; before another c, it has the sound of t ; as Bo- 
cac-cio, Bo-cat-chio. So Z before z has the same sound 
of t ; as, Pestalozzi, Pes-ta-lot-zi. 

11. Gen, at the end of German words, are separated 
and the g hardened and joined to the preceding syllable ; 
as Gotting-en. 

12. X and J, in Spanish and Mexican names, some- 
times sound like h. J, in German and Italian, has the 
sound of y. 

13. Z, in German, and sometimes in Italian, has the 
sound of ts ; as, Spurtzheim, Spurts-hime. 

14. Th, in names not English, sounds like t, the n 
being silent. 

Few persons attempt to apply all these rules, even if 



APPENDIX. 



223 



acquainted with the languages alluded to. The follow- 
ing table contains a list of all words mentioned in this 
book about which any mistake would arise. 

The pupil who wishes for a larger vocabulary may 
find the best there is in Worcester's School Dictionary. 

Table of Proper Names. 



Spelled. 

Af ghan is tan 

Aix la chap elle 

A jac cio 

Al ex an dri a {Italy) 

Al ta ma ha 

A mour 

An ti gua 

Ar e qui pa 

Ar kan sas 

Ar kan saw 

Ash an tee 

Au vergne 

Aux cayes 

Av i gnon 

Ba hi a 

Ba lize 

Ba ton Rouge 

Berg en 

Bo go ta 

Bo lo gna 

Bon i fa cio 

Bor deaux 

Bor nou 

Bour bon 

Bra zil 

Bue na ven tu ra 

Bue nos Ay res 



Pronounced. 

Af-gan-is-tan' 

Ace-lah-shap' -el 

A-yat'-cho 

Al-es-san'-dre-ah 

Al-ta-ma-haw' 

A-moor' 

An-te'-gah 

Ar-e-ke'-pah 

Ar-kan-saw' 

• 

Ash-an-tee" 
O-vairri 
O-kize' 
Av'-in-yon 

Bah'-e-ah 

Ba-leez' 

Bat' -on Roozh' 

Berg'-en 

Bo-go-tah' 

Bo-lone'-yah 

Bon-e-fa'-cho 

Bor-do' 

Bor-noo' 

Boor'-bon 

Bra-zeeV 

Booa'-nah-ven-too'-rah 

Booa'-nos A'-rez 



Cabul 



Ca'-bul 



224 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Spelled. 
Cag li a ri 
Cas tile 
Cas tine 
Cay enne 
Ce vermes 
Cham plain 
Chi ca go 
Chi li 

Chu qui sa ca 
Civ i ta Vec chia 
Co logne 
Coom as sie 
Crim e a 
Cu en ca 
Cur a e,oa 

Dah o mey 
Dar four 
Dnie per 
Dnies ter 
Dron theim 
Es qui maux 
Falk land 
Fez zan 
Fou lahs 



Pronounced. 
Cal-yd-re 
Cas-teeV 
Cas-teen' 
Ca-yen' 
&ev-en' 
Sham-plane' 
Chic-aio'-go 
Che'-le 

Chu-ke-sah'-ka 
Civ'-e-tah Vet'-chi-ah 
Co-lone' 
Coom-as-see' 
Crim-e-ah 
Cod-en'-sah 
Coo-rah-so' 

Dah '-o-mey 

Dar-foor' 

Ne'-per 

Nees'-ter 
Dr on-time 
Es'-ke-mo 
Fawk-land 

Fez-zan'- 
Foo'-lahs 



Ga ronne 
Gen o a 
Ghent 
Glouces ter 
Go dav e ry 
Go me ra 
Got ting en 
Gua da la xa ra 
Gua da loupe 
Gua na xu a to 
Guard a fui 
Guay a quil 



Ga-run' 

Gen'-o-ah 

Ghent or Gahn 

Glos'-ter 

Go-dav '-e-ry 

Go-me-rah 

Got'-ting-en 

Gooah-dah-lah-hah' -rah 

Gah-da-loop' 

Gooah-nah-hoo-ah' -to 

Gar'-daf-we 

Gooa-ya-keel' 



APPENDIX. 



225 



Spelled. 

Ha wa i or Ha wai i 
Hin do stan 
Hous sa 



Pronounced. 
Hah-wy'-ee 
Hin-doo-stan' 
Hoo'-sah 



II li nois 
Ir koutsk 
I ser 



Il-le-noah' 
Ir-kootsk' 
E'-ser 



Ja nei ro 



Jan-ne'-ro 



Kamts chat ka 
Khi va 

La Man cha 

Lau sanne 
Leg horn 
Leices ter 
Leip sic 
Leom in ster 
Ley den 
Liege 
Lip a ri 
Lof o den 
Loire 
L' Ori ent 

Ma dei ra 
Ma drid 
Ma gel Ian 
Mag gio re 
Mar seilles 
Mei nam 
Mes si na 
Meuse or Maese 
Mich i gan 
Mil an 
Mis sou ri 
Mo bile 



** 



Kamts-chat'-kah 
Ke-vah 

Lah-man-tcha 

Lo-zan' 

Le-gorn' 

Les'-ter 

Lipe'-sic 

Lem'-in-ster 

Li'-dn 

Leege 

Lip'-a-ry 

Lof-o'-den 

Looah 

Lor'-e-ahn 

Mah-da'-rah 

Ma-drid' 

Ma-gel'-lan 

Ma-jo'-rah 

Mar-sales' 

Mi'-nam 

Mes-se'-nah 

Muze or Maze 

Mish'-e-gan 

Mil'-an 

Miz-zoo'-re 

Mo-beeV 



226 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



Spelled. - 


Pronounced. 


Mo de na 


Mo'-de-nah 


Mo.g a dore 


Mog-a-dore' 


Mon te Vi de o 


Mon-te Ve'-da-o 


Mon tre al 


Mont-re-aW 


Mor zouk 


Mor-zook' 


Mo sul 


Mo-sool' 


Mo zam bique 


Mo-zam-beek' 


Natch i toches 


Nak-e-tosh' 


Ni a ga ra 


Ne-aw'-ga-rah 


Ni ca ra gua 


Nic-ar-aw '-gooah 


Nie men 


Ne'-men 


Nor wich • 


Nor'-ridge* 


nei da ' 


O-ni'-dah 


Or le ans 


Or'-le-ans 


ta hei te 


O-ta-hi'-te 


Pan a ma 


Pan-a-mah' 


Par a guay 


Par-a-gooay' 


Pet cho ra 


Pet-tcho'-rah 


Pon di cher ry 


Pon-de-sher '-ry 


Pont char train 


Pon-shar-train' 


Pough keep sie 


Po-kep'-sy 


Pueb la 


Poo-a-blah 


Qui to 


Ke'-to 


Ra leigh 


Raw' -ley 


B,e or Rhe 


Ray 


Read ing 


Red'-ding 


Rheims 


Reemz 


Rio \ 


Re'-o 


Ro chelle 


Ro-shell' 



* We do not give this pronunciation as approving it, but be- 
cause the word is so pronounced in England. So Warwick, pron. 
War-ric ; Berwick, Ber-ric ; Harwich, Har-rich, &c. In New- 
England, the sound of the w is generally heard. 



APPENDIX. 



227 



Spelled. 
Saco 

Salis bu ry 
Saone 
Scheldt 
Schuyl kill 
Sen e gal 
Ser rin ga pa tarn 
Somme 
Spitz berg en 
Sta broek » 
St. Croix 
St. Gothard 
St. Hel e na 
St. Lou is 
St. Sal va dor 
Su ma tra 

Ta hi ti 

Tarn pi co 

Tan gier 

Te he ran 

Ten e riffe 

Ter cei ra 

Ter ra del Fu e go 

Thames 

Thciss 

Thib et 

Ton ga ta boo 

Ton quin 

Tou Ion 

Tou louse 

Tri este 

Tru xil lo 

Turke stan 

Tver 



Pronounced. 
Saw'-co 
Sawlz'-bu-re 
Sone 
Skelt 
Skool'-kill 
Sen' -e- gall 
Ser-in-gap' -a-tam 
Sum 

Spitz-berg' -en 
Stah'-brook 
St. Crooah' 
St. Go'-tard 
St. He-le'-na 
St. Loo'-e 
St. Sal'-va-dor 
Su-mah'-trah 

Ta-he'-te 

Tam-pe'-co 

Tan-geer' 

Te-he-ran' 

Ten-e-reef 

Ter-ce'-rah 

Ter'-?* ah del Foo-a'-go 

Temz 

Tlce 

Te-bef 

Ton-ga-ta' -boo 

Ton g- kin 

Too'-lon 

Too'-looz 

Tre-esf 

Troo-hil'-yo 

Turk-stan' 

Twer 



U cay a le 

U ral 



Oo-ky'- 
Oo'-ral 



ah-la 



228 



COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 



2W 



U k 



Spelled. 

U ru guay 
U trecht 

Wa bash 
Wach it ta 
Win ne pi seo gee 
Wo burn 
Worces ter 



Pronounced. 




Oo-roo-gway' 
Yu'-trekt 


g £j 


Waw'-bosh 
Wosh-e-taw' 
Win-e-pe-saw' -ke 
Woo' -burn 
Woos'-ter 





Zuy der Zee 



Zwe'~dw Zee' 



